Monday, January 27, 2020
Impact of Smoking on Child Health
Impact of Smoking on Child Health Environment and Hazard -5 The Home Environment plays an important role in many issues affecting child health across the globe. Children in general may be vulnerable and become exposed to various other household hazards such as exposures to known harmful building materials, chemicals, radon, drinking water and well-water and nitrogen dioxide. Poor housing conditions and poor ventilation together with household air pollution may also increase the risks of child hood diseases. Indoor exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) may also be hazardous and contribute to health consequences like asthma in those children that are affected. Full exposure Pathway Exposures to tobacco smoking may occur at any level along the entire stages of human development and these may include preconception (maternal and paternal smoking), pregnancy (maternal smoking and passive smoking), infancy (passive smoking), childhood (passive and active smoking) and young and adulthood (active and passive smoking). 1 The key internal exposure pathways and their possible routes for exposure to tobacco smoking that may lead to asthma include; In utero exposure 2 mainly concerns the maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke(ETS) associated with pregnancy via active or passive smoking. Route: Trans placental Mothers who are pregnant and are either active smokers or passive smokers run a risk of their developing foetus being exposed to the chemical toxicants of tobacco smoke transmitted via the placenta.2 The tobacco smoke constituents are initially inhaled through the respiratory airways to the smaller airways in the lungs (bronchioles) and then absorbed through the tiny gas-exchanging airway sacs (alveoli) and into the maternal blood circulation. Indoor air exposure particularly second hand smoke, where the children at household level are frequently getting exposed if their family members are smokers. Studies have showed that children are (the two reasons highlighted). 3 Route: Inhalation Active smoking refers to the active smokers who inhale the undiluted smoke directly into their lungs from the end of cigarette which is called mainstream smoke (MS). 4 Theconstituents ofmainstream smoke are believed to contain higher in doses of tobacco chemicals compared to passive smoking. Second Hand Smoking or Passive smoking- refers to the non-active smokers who mostly inhale what is called second-hand smoke (SHS) which is a mixture of side-stream smoke(SS) comprised of both the smoke from the glowing cigarette and the exhaled air (mainstream smoke).4 Thus, the side-stream smoke is diluted because it contains both the exhaled mainstream smoke and air and may be less in concentration of the tobacco chemical constituents.4 Third-hand smoke refers to the surface-deposited tobacco smoke chemical components which may be left in indoor environments for periods that allow change to their compositions and render them harmful to humans especially infants and toddlers who commonly practice hand-mouth on contaminated surfaces.5 Asthma Asthma can be defined as an inflammatory airway disease involving inflammation and impairment of airway due to a complex interaction of immune cells and nonimmune environmental factors that trigger asthma such as tobacco smoking and second hand smoke. 6 Scope and nature of problem Asthma is a very common chronic disease affecting children and is believed to affect almost 300 million people world-wide.7Evidence has shown that the prevalence of asthma has been on the rise in the last 50 years (Ref) with increasing trends noted in the industrialised and developed regions. The increase in the global burden of asthma disease ensures that important environmental factors that contribute to asthma are clearly identified for improved intervention and prevention strategies. Risk factors The risk factors for asthma that are commonly known include allergies, positive family history of asthma, cock-roach allergen, environmental tobacco smoke exposure(ETS), and prenatal smoking. 8 The diagram shown below in figure 1 summarises the early life risk factors for persistent asthma 9. It shows the different pathways in which environmental exposures and genetic predispositions lead to asthma. As illustrated, environmental exposures to tobacco smoke may affect a foetus in prenatal and later postnatal through impairment and inflammation of the lung resulting in asthma. Figure 1 Showing how environmental exposures and genetic predispositions may contribute to asthma in different pathways in early life.          Prenatal exposures                                              Postnatal exposures Viral URTI           spread            Severe LRTI Repeated episodes Primary atopic           Allergen              Persistent Sensitization              exposure            inflammation↓ Genetic Predispositions                                           Genetic Predispositions Disease association and hazard Studies in the past and recent have looked at the causal relationship between ETS or second hand smoke and asthma disease and have identified that ETS has been a significant indoor air hazard with the potential to causing serious health consequences such as asthma. Goodwin According to the Global Youth Tobacco Survey carried out by World Health Organization in 2007 (WHO), about 44% of all the children living in the world were exposed to environmental Tobacco smoke at household level. 10 An updated meta-analysis study from Surgeon Generals Report (SGR) of the United States (DHHS 2006), a causal relationship between SHS and childhood induction of asthma could not be drawn to conclusion due to insufficient evidence from smaller number of studies. 11 However, a similar systematic review and meta-analysis study that examined prenatal and passive smoke exposure and asthma incidence at the UK Centre for Tobacco Control studies at University of Nottingham (2011) found that the incidence of wheeze and asthma in children and young people increased by 20% when exposed to passive smoking.12 Long term implications The health implications of tobacco smoking are well recognized across the globe. The exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) happens across the entire life span of an individual and therefore long term implications are inevitable. Persistent asthma can be a long-term implication which adds to the global burden of asthma disease. Identifying the risk factors and aiming for primary prevention through life style changes such as avoiding maternal smoking during pregnancy could help prevent asthma. Environmental modifications and lifestyle changes may help reduce risks for asthma. The use of international health guidelines such as the WHO Convention Framework for Tobacco Control (FCTC) 13 may provide benchmarks for health professionals and policy makers to implement strategies and interventions. Reference Breton CV, Byun HM, Wenton M, Pan F, Yang A, Gilliland FD. Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure affects global and gene-specific DNA methylaton. Am J Respir Crit care Med 2009; 180:462-7 Sly P, Flack F. Susceptibility of children to environmental pollutants. Ann NY Acad Sci 2008; 1140:163-83 Tung KY, Wu KY, Tsai CH, Su MW, Chen CH, Lin MH, et al. Association of time-location patterns with urinary cotinine among asthmatic children under household environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Environmental research. 2013; 124:7-12 US Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Smoking. A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office on Smoking and Health;1986. DHHS Publication No, (CDC) 87-8398 Matt GE,Quintana PJ,Destaillats H, et al.Thirdhand tobacco smoke:emerging evidence and arguments for a multidisciplinary research agenda. Environ Health Perspect 2011; 119:1218-26 Stapleton M, Howard-Thompson A, George C, Hoover RM, Self TH. Smoking and asthma. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine: JABFM. 2011;24(3):313-22. The Global Asthma Report 2011.Paris, France.The International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.;2011. Goodwin RD, Cowles RA. Household smoking and childhood asthma in the United States: a state-level analysis. The Journal of asthma: official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2008;45(7):607-10. Guilbert TW, Singh AM,Danov Z, et al. Decreased lung function after preschool wheezing rhinovirus illnesses in children at risk to develop asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:532-8. e10. WHO, 2007. Only 100% smoke-free environments adequately protect from dangers of second-hand smoke. New WHO policy recommendations point to extensive evidence. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. U.S. DHHS. 2006. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Ofà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ce on Smoking and Health. Burke H, Leonardi-Bee J, Hashim A, Pine-Abata H, Chen Y, Cook DG, et al. Prenatal and passive smoke exposure and incidence of asthma and wheeze: systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2012;129(4):735-44 Shibuya,K., et al., 2003.Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: development of an evidence based global public health treaty. BMJ 327,154-157
Sunday, January 19, 2020
Gang Violence Essay
No one attempts to see the factors such as poverty, homelessness, lack of opportunity are a major contributor to crime and the forming of delinquents in our community. Delinquency is defined as a failure to what law or duty requires. It is a behavior that is often times a result of poverty and inopportunity in youth’s life. Often time those who can obtain what they need through conventional means will use unconventional means such as crimes to obtain necessities due to having no job, no money, and lack of education. Gang members age from 13-18 years of age. However everyone knows a person who has lost a life due to gang violence or gang related activities. The biggest ethic groups involved in gangs are Latinos and Spanish. Although there trying to pass a law that states any gang related activity will serve from 2-3 years whether he or she is a minor or not. In my conclusion I came across that young men and women don’t wake up and decide to be this way, from the lack of love, care and attention at home, so they feel like an outcast and doesn’t have a positive role model to look up to and lean on in times of need. So when they join a gang they get the attention they being feeding for. â€Å"In order to succeed, your desire for success should be greater than your fear for failure.†–Bill Cosby There were 9% of females involved in gangs in year 2000 as of today there are 15% of females affiliated in gangs. Females are generally classified to four types of ways to join a gang. They can be violated or jumped in meaning a physical beating so she can prove her toughness, loyalty, and her commitment but women who choose to get sexed in a gang gets the least respect. Usually getting sexed in a gang is uncommon for females due to not having any respect and majority of the reason is to get respect from everyone. Children in a house hold that doesn’t have a male role model is mostly to be a behavior child and if he or she isn’t getting enough attention they need it will cause them to find that attention in a gang or a group of people where they feel they will be cared for and loved. Most children join gangs because of peer pressure but majority is because of girls and money. For a little percent of children they become a part of a gang because of the things they don’t have and becoming a member of a gang it will be quick money but a lot of risk along with it. Usually they are only trying to help out there house hold but because of where there from they have no other choices, it’s almost like force. Gang related actives is most common in urban areas like Chicago they are the number 1 ranked in cities with the most gang violence, Detroit is not far behind it is ranked as number 5. Been said Gang Violence is an act from children who is crying out for attention and others who can’t help it because its where there from and is almost as if they have no choice. Due to low income homes and no jobs children go to the streets for help as a comfort zone.
Saturday, January 11, 2020
The Effect Of External Factors On Purchase
The results demonstrate that demographic, geographic and group significantly effect Pl. The findings of this study help marketing, managers and companies to understand young Malaysian consumers' behavior and Pl. Keywords: external factors, purchase intention (Pl), young generation, Malaysia 1. Introduction Nowadays, purchase intention is more complicated and more significant for consumers than in the past. Customers are encompassed by reports, advertisements, articles and direct mailings that provide large amount of information.Moreover, different kinds of products, supplies, super markets and shopping malls have complex and difficult decision making. This study focuses on the young generation in Malaysia because of some reasons. Firstly, immature customer segment is known as special segment for some special products. Secondly, at the period of evolution from youth to early maturity, these customer segments have their unique consumer behaviors and attitudes (Safari, AAA). Thirdly, ju veniles' effect on their families and shape family consumer behavior; finally, young consumers can change and influence culture as well as society (Safari, AAA).In addition, according to the previous studies, investigators argued that the external actors (demographic, geographic and group) influence Pl. Besides, there are some difficulties in applying these factors and measuring their effects on Pl. The effect of demographic on Pl is complicated and confusing that needs to be examined. For instance, consumers 18 to 24-year-old are â€Å"more likely than other consumers to buy a product on the spur of the moment and change brands if the mood strikes†(Abdul Raze & Summarizing, 2009). Apart from that, there are still some studies that indicate the males and females behave and make Pl in different Ways. Teenage boys were more utilitarian, whereas manage girls are more social/conspicuous conscious†(Cathy & Vincent, 2006). Furthermore, different races have different behavio rs, which can significantly affect Pl; for example, the Malady are more patriotic to the local brands compared to two other Malaysian races. Likewise, group influence significantly affects Pl. Group (social networks, television, influential, books) influences on young generation in Malaysia and changes their culture, behavior and purchase intention because they have adapted with other cultures (Eon, Ata & Philip, 2008). 2.Literature Review Purchase intention means a consumer prefers to buy a product or service cause he/she finds that he/she needs a particular product or service, or even attitude towards a product and perception of product. In other words, purchase intention means consumer will buy a product once again after she or he evaluates a product and finds out that the product worth buying. While consumers select one particular product, the final decision on accepting 153 WV,m. Essence. Org/birr International Business Research Volvo. 5, No. 8; 2012 a product to buy or rejecti ng it depends on consumers' intention.Also, a large number of external factors have been recognized, which can affect Pl (Keller, 2001). 2. The Effect of Demography on Pl One of the most important features which influence Pl is demographic (age, gender and race). Young consumers in different ages have different behavior. A nineteen years old consumer may behave differently with a twenty five years old consumer. For example, some young consumers are more concerned on the labeled products than other young consumers (Nabob & Mimed, 2010). The effect of gender depends on some factors.For example, females are more concerned about those kinds of products that are directly related to house because as housewives, the quality of the products is more important or them compared to men. Thereby, label, brands and quality have effects on consumers' PI (Seasonal, All & Seabird, 2006; Safari, Bibb). The other factors that shape Pl among males and females are information and education. For example, a study shows that females are less experienced with online purchasing; therefore, they rely on other recommendations than males during decision making process (Ciao & Yang, 2010).Atmosphere and environment also influence on consumers' Pl among males and females. An investigation shows that music in restaurants has more effect on females than males. Stephanie Wilson, 2003). In addition, studies showed that men are more risk taking than women and they are more reliance on themselves to make purchase decision than women (Seed, 2003). Different ethnic groups act differently to make purchase decision. For example, studies in the United States have shown that African-Americans in some cases have different purchase intentions than the whites (Americans).Some factors can have effects on different races such as media, advertisements, and televisions. The other example shows that 16% of married white women are more likely to do mom purchase than married black women in the United States; but some other factors (socio-economic, environment, culture, income) could be combined with race to achieve better outcomes (Ciao & Yang, 2010). 2. 2 The Effect of Geography on Pl The other external factor that influences consumers' Pl is geography. Locations that products are being produced and manufactured are very important for consumers and can shape their Pl.A place to shop for organic products is crucially integral for consumers. For instance, a research demonstrates that majority of consumers prefer to buy their organic food ND products from hypermarkets and shopping malls and only a few of them enjoy of buying products in farms (Sit & Inertia, 2010). 2. 3 The Effect of Group on Pl Group also affects consumers and their Pl. Previous experiences of celebrities have utilized different assumptions and basic theoretical grounds Of psychology to describe how a sponsorship as an influential effect consumers' Pl and their behavior (Speed & Thompson, 2000).Sport celebrities as a group of influential figures have significant influences on young consumers especially when they want to make decision to choose a brand and Pl. Star members in each team have significant effects on consumer behavior. Thus, they would make brand for the team's sponsor because team members are able to attract enormous amount of consumers for a brand (Arcadias & Fairyland, 2006). 3. Research Methodology 3. 1 Measures Data has been mainly collected based on primary research and secondary research was used as well. Previous literatures were studied to recognize the factors influencing consumer Pl.Learning and understanding key points from previous literatures were combined with this current research study to obtain better results. Sampling strategy is based on probability based. The population is in age group of 17-32 years old as millennial/young generation. Questionnaire has distributed to some Malaysian universities. According to the aim of this research, the race of population has to be M alaysian only and questions Were written in English language. The sample Was selected from universities (senior and junior students). SPAS soft. Are was used to measure/ analyze the data. 3. 2 Hypothesis Demographic factors positively effects on purchase intention, for example, there is a difference between young consumers and adult generation in the ease of purchase intention. In some cases, male and female consumers act differently to make purchase decision and also different races have different influences on purchase intention 154 WV. Essence. Org/birr Volvo. 5, NO. 8; 2012 (Hide, Gerard & Alex, 2008). Thereby, age, gender and race are strongly affecting Pl, which has been proven by previous studies.HI : (a): Age influence PI (b): Gender influence Pl (c): Race influence Pl Malaysia is divided into two different parts: west and east. Sit (2010) noted that different areas and locations have different effects on consumers' behavior and purchase intention. Consumers in cities and vi llages (rural and urban) have different behavior and purchase intention (Wong & Yah, 2008). Therefore, rural and urban influence Pl differently. H2O: Geographic influence on Pl. Friend, relative, colleague/classmates and Media impact on purchase intention. HA: Group affects Pl. . 3 Data Collection The questionnaire in this study has been distributed to 350 respondents. 325 respondents have returned the completed questionnaire, which made up 93% of overall responses. We have given the questionnaire to students usually in their classes and we had left them and given them enough time to answer the questions. After 30 to 45 minutes we went back to classes and ask students to return questionnaires. The SPAS software has been used to analyze the effects of external factors (demographic, geographic and group influence) on Pl.Consumers between 17-32 years old were selected as young generation. The research was carried out at different regions in Malaysia such as International Islamic Univer sity Malaysia (MM), University Sebastian Malaysia (LIKE), University Putty Malaysia (JIM), Multimedia University (MIX) and Nation Library. The questions mainly examined the effects of rends, relatives, classmates/colleagues and media on consumers' Pl. All scales measured on 7-point Liker-type scales ranging from â€Å"strongly disagree†to â€Å"strongly agree†. The demographic factor is divided into three separate categories.These three groups involved age, gender and race, which will be explained in the following subsections. As demonstrated in Table 1, most respondents involved are in the age group of 22-26 years old. Analysis shows that 30. 2% of the respondents belong to 17-21 age group, 40. 9% belong to 22-26 age group and only 28. 9% are in the age range of 27-32 years old. The majority of the respondents are females; 221 respondents are female (68%) and 1 04 are males, which contributes to 32% of the total respondents participated in this study.
Friday, January 3, 2020
White Man s Burden By Rudyard Kipling - 1354 Words
Imperialism English writer Rudyard Kipling published a very famous poem called â€Å"White Man’s Burden†in 1899 which embodied the European feel of superiority over the indigenous peoples. Kipling published this poem when the Americans were conquering different places. In fact, the original subtitle of this poem was â€Å"The United States and the Philippine Islands.†This was because the United States had acquired the Philippines from Spain after winning the Spanish-American War. Kipling was inspired by these events and decided to publish his poem for all the public to see. This poem was a call or a summoning for the white men to show native people how to be civilized. (Shmoop Editorial Team) In response to Kipling s poem,†¦show more content†¦If the work was not done properly and in a timely fashion, then the African man would be punished, not the White man. The Africans had to live knowing they were constantly being judged for how they performed in the workforce. They lived in constant anger and shame, but knowing there was nothing that could be done. Morel described how the African’s developed a sense of hate and disgust with the white men for taking their lives away from them, and leaving them with nothing to live for. How Kipling promotes Imperialism Kipling’s poem promotes imperialism because it is a warning to the United States about what the people should expect when it sets out to become an imperial power. â€Å"White Man’s Burden,†is a praise of American colonialism in the Philippines after Spain gave up control in 1898. Kipling believed that American colonialism could improve the living conditions of the people in the Philippines, despite many American’s thinking it was a burden. Kipling wanted Americans to take their place in the imperialist world. Kipling felt that he knew what being an imperialistic power was really like. Kipling believed that the United States was embarking on its first real act of obtaining imperial power when it took control of the Philippines after the Spanish- American War. â€Å"The White Man’s Burden,†was used to justify European imperialism in the nineteenth century and early twentieth centuries. (White Man’s Burden) (Reference) Exalt the place of the WhiteShow MoreRelatedThe White Man s Burden By Rudyard Kipling10612 Words  | 43 Pageshave the urge to defend it’ Étienne De La Boà ©tie Take up the White Man s burden– Ye dare not stoop to less– Nor call too loud on Freedom To cloke yourRead MoreAnalysis Of Rudyard Kipling s The White Man s Burden / Send Forth The Best Ye Breed1132 Words  | 5 PagesIt was 1899 when poet and author Rudyard Kipling issued his famous call to â€Å"Take up the White Man s burden / Send forth the best ye breed†(290). Kipling thought that the culture of predominantly white, Western nations, such as America and England, was superior to foreign cultures. He was an admirer of British imperialism in India, and was a strong advocate for America’s involvement in the Philippines. Kipling earnestly believed that foreign peoples would benefit from the forceful introduction ofRead MoreThe American Of The White Americans Essay1284 Words  | 6 PagesThe strong will of the white Americans lead to many different races of people changing their ideas because of what was being exerted on them. In dealing with the other races Americans had many opposed views and different ideas for their cultures and also their sufficiency of self-government. Americans in the nineteenth century used domestic policy to culturally deprive the newly freed slaves and the American Indians, then in the early twentieth century Americans used newly gained power and foreignRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Beach Of Falesa By Robert Stevenson Essay1901 Words  | 8 PagesThrough the use and villainizing of apotheosis, economic and personal greed, both Rudyard Kipling’s â€Å"The Man Who Would Be King†, and Robert Stevenson’s â€Å"The Beach of Falesà ¡Ã¢â‚¬ show how they are supportive of the British Empire and its imperialistic intentions while also warning imperialists of the consequences of using imperialism as an excuse to manipulate and subjugate native people for personal and economic gain. While Kipling furthers his critique of imperialism to the problems of marrying natives, StevensonRead MoreCharles Darwin, The Most Influential Nineteenth Century Evolutionary Thinker1176 Words  | 5 Pagescapitalism of America. Furthermore, Darwinism became a religion for many industrialists. Joseph Frazier Wall, a historian, articulates in his biography, Andrew Carnegie: ‘Progress through evolution, both biological and technological, bringing nature and man, â€Å"the machine and the garden†, toward perfect harmonyâ€â€this was to be the essence of Carnegie’s faith in the ultimate perfectibility of the universe, and he would hold to that faith for the next thirty-five years.’ (Wall, Andrew Carnegie 366) Many capitalistsRead MoreRacism And Social Darwinism : New Imperialism2204 Words  | 9 PagesDuring the 1880’s, an idea known as â€Å"new imperialism†caused most of Europe to enter a period of colonial expansion that placed parts of both Africa and Asia under European control. Before 1880, Europe had little influence in Africa. They had relations with the governments and nations that were present, trading slaves and goods between continents. However, in a period known as the â€Å"Scramble for Africa†, Africa was divvied up among the giants: Great Britain took South Africa, Nigeria, and Kenya; FranceRead MoreSample Resume : Dublin City University Essay2132 Words  | 9 PagesSummary Comments ADVICE FOR FUTURE ASSIGNMENTS Annotated Feedback (Refer to Assignment for the sections relating to the following comments) 1. 2. Essay ?What were the causes and motivations behind the ?Scramble for Africa The swallows, white men building mud houses, as prophesied by Shaka Zulu came with extraordinary speed by the end of 19th century.[footnoteRef:1] Their reasons varied as events unfolded. A myriad of motivations led European decision makers to believe that there was noRead MoreAnalysis Of Conrad s The Heart Of Darkness794 Words  | 4 Pagesan ox to till his field. When the people â€Å"sickened, became inefficient†, they went to a grove to die (Conrad). Another stereotype shown was that imperialism hurts the conquerors and those being conquered. â€Å"White Man’s Burden†by Rudyard Kipling was originally titled â€Å"The White Man s Burden: The United States and The Philippine Islands†(GMU). America took control of the Philippine government. This led to political turmoil which escalated into the Philippine-American war. In the the war, thousandsRead MoreThe s Survival Of The Fittest Theory1875 Words  | 8 Pagessocial discards, beginning always with the criminal, the diseased and the insane and extending gradually to types which may be called weaklings rather than defectives and perhaps ultimately to worthless racial types†(Ruggiero 21). Based on Darwin s theory the superior species always outlive the inferior. After establishing a list of social groups that were considered inferior, Eugenicist H.H. Laughlin issued the eugenical Sterilization law leading to inferior social groups in majority of U.SRead MoreThe Age of Imperialism Essay1573 Words  | 7 Pagesto be colonized. England had been leading the colonial power amongst the Europeans. France had been second in command. Portugal, Spain and Holland received few colonies. Germany and Italy were last to join because they unified themselves in the 1860s. Africa had delayed its colonization because of its many diseases and geography. Africa became colonized in the 19th Century. Europeans were able to colonize Africa because of the many advantages they had over them. Firstly, the Maxim gun had been acquired
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)