Why Communication Is Important in a School Setting

How correspondence underpins positive connections. Correspondence is the way toward setting up important connections among individuals. Some portion of correspondence is utilized to share data, musings and sentiments between one another. Successful correspondence guarantees whether the transmitted substance are gotten and comprehended by somebody in the manner they were expected. Additionally the shared objective of powerful correspondence incorporates making a general recognition, changing practices and securing right data. Numerous individuals believe that correspondence is easy.It isn't just about talking. There are numerous different things engaged with viable correspondence, for example, signal, appropriate non-verbal communication, articulations and tuning in. Correspondence ought not exclusively be confused with data sharing as it were. Powerful correspondence is significant in creating constructive associations with youngsters, youngsters and grown-ups in varying backgrounds and at any age whether it be with family members, companions, neighbors, partners, relates or even all out outsiders. Likewise, viable language abilities are fundamental for kids to get to the curriculum.Effective correspondence in a school is fit to encourage ability, inventive reasoning, an adjustment in disposition and so forth. It is critical that students gain proficiency with the estimation of collaboration and co-activity from the beginning periods of their lives. A school is where the students discover that they need to speak with other individual understudies to complete work. It is in the school that the understudies discover that their thoughts, suppositions and endeavors are esteemed and that they are dynamic individuals from the general public. Powerful communicators must have the option to take a gander at things from various perspectives.This empowers you to see things from an alternate view point, assisting with building trust and show regard for another personâ€⠄¢s sentiments on a circumstance. It likewise shows that you are keen on what somebody needs to state and will tune in without judgment to the two sides of a story. In the event that somebody feels they can come and talk easily and without boundaries confidence is significantly improved and can prompt increasingly positive associations with youngsters, staff and guardians. Standards of relationship building. Keeping up a decent line of correspondence in school is significant for understudies, arents and the staff. There are a few reasons why it is significant for school staff to discuss well with one another Good lines of correspondence. In schools the Head-educators , instructors, bolster staff and understudies should all be reliably engaged with the procedure of compelling correspondence. Successful correspondence has an inseparable tie to developing a positive school condition. The standards of relationship working with kids, youngsters and grown-ups can be put down to the demean ors and mentalities of the individuals that the relationship is between.Relationships of any sort are best based on an establishment of trust and shared regard on the off chance that it is to form into a sound one. A quiet air is required particularly when managing conduct issues clashes or differences. It is critical to be open and congenial so that at whatever point you collaborate with somebody, they feel quiet, esteemed and secure. Collaboration has a major influence in demonstrating that whatever the difficult everybody comprehends that there are commonly concurred lines of correspondence whether it be with youngsters, staff or guardians. Constructive connections are assembled not made and everybody has something else they can contribute.A school is a learning-rich condition, and each individual from the school is required to convey successfully and add to building connections and show great relational abilities. Great correspondence is likewise significant in light of the fact that it assists with building positive connections. At the point when clear desires and limits are set up and you come to your meaningful conclusion as doubtlessly and as basically as conceivable then that rules out translation and this makes a positive learning or workplace. In a domain, for example, this, sound connections can be supported between anyone.

How I Learned To Become Literate Essay -- Personal Narratives Literacy

How I Learned To Become Literate As a six-month-old infant books had opened up an entire whole new universe of experience for me. My motivation to figure out how to peruse and compose was energized by my Mother and Grandmother. This is on the grounds that they read so anyone can hear to me before bed sometimes and gave me the best a great time by acquainting me with a library. By two years old I created discourse and other relational abilities. This helped me comprehend and build up a most loved book, â€Å"PJ Funny Bunny,† and I would gaze at the pages imagining I was understanding them. I would consistently profess to peruse with other Dr. Seuss books, Smurf spring up books (I envisioned I was a piece of these for a considerable length of time), sniff and scratches, and tactile books. I had quite recently started consolation to learn education. I generally had an interest when I would watch my Mother or Grandmother compose (with their perfect penmanship) or read something. I as well, as a little child, needed to compose similarly just as they did. Thusly, I started composing on my games, play tables, and toy boxes (this was a major No, No). My Mother would moreover work out bills and utilize an adding machine. Obviously, I needed to emulate her. In any case, any of this sufficiently wasn’t for me. I wanted something more . . . I can recollect that I was incredibly eager to start school. It wasn’t reasonable for me that all the greater children that lived close by got the opportunity to go to class and I didn’t. Desire developed as I watched them out the front window of our home when they would get back with their cheerful school faces. This gave me school was fun and I was passing up the best thing. It just wasn’t reasonable! I needed to adapt as well! At the point when I started Kindergarten I was set up by realizing how to spell my name, present and compose the letters of the letter set, and spell a couple of little words like, â€Å"CAT† and â€Å"DOG.† Our instructor, Mrs. Lowler, urged us to keep learning education by: sounding out letter or words, giving us more words to work on spelling, perusing so anyone might hear to us consistently, permitting us to alternate on the typewriter, recount sonnets and tunes, alternate perusing to one another, lastly composing a couple of little sentences. We additionally had an encouraging challenge that whoever read the most books would get a free pizza at Pizza Hut. There are two things I recollect Mrs. Lowler did to support my education abilities. Once she made us paint an image and afterward we needed to introduce... ...e a genuine vibe for what it resembled to really be that character. Mrs. Paris additionally had us keep diaries in class. Here she would give us a subject and we took around fifteen minutes to work our contemplations out. The way that she returned an opportunity to keep in touch with us made me energized and anxious to write in my diary. This helped give me the plan to keep up a friend through correspondence relationship with one of my companions from chapel. During my time of learning education I have consolidated my insight into various encounters. I have composed papers, articles for papers (16), read to more youthful to youngsters, and considerably more. My own way of thinking as an instructor is to be a â€Å"Reading Mentor† to my understudies. I need to show my understudies that education is enjoyable to learn and grows your creative mind. Without books we would not have the option to have the thoughts and contemplations we do today. There would be no imagination; accordingly puts like Disney World would not exist. I have gained such a great amount from every one of these educators. The significant exercise that I will give is to make learning a charming and wonderful learning experience. Like Mrs. Paris, my Fifth Grade instructor, I need to show my understudies I cherish and appreciate what I am instructing them.

Effexor Withdrawal Symptoms, Timeline, & Treatment

Effexor Withdrawal Symptoms, Timeline, & Treatment Depression Treatment Print How Long Does Withdrawal From Effexor (Venlafaxine) Last? By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 29, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 Verywell / JR Bee More in Depression Treatment Medication Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Types Childhood Depression Suicide In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Signs & Symptoms Coping & Relief Warnings Long-Term Treatment View All Back To Top Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome is a well-known and accepted syndrome that can occur in people who abruptly discontinue Effexor (venlafaxine), a type of serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used to treat depression, anxiety, and panic disorder. Within a matter of hours of missing a dose, some people begin to experience symptoms of Effexor withdrawal.?? Because of this, healthcare providers often recommend starting on the medication by building up from a low dose and decreasing the dosage when weaning from the drug. Still, symptoms of withdrawal can occur even if the medication is slowly tapered off. Should You Quit Your Antidepressant Cold Turkey? Overview Some people report experiencing brain shivers or “brain zaps” when they are late taking their prescribed dose of Effexor.?? People often describe these sensations as a very brief, repetitive electric shock-like feeling that remains confined to the brain or head. Others report the sensation spreads out to other parts of the body. The sensation can be triggered by moving your eyes and is often accompanied by disorientation, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo, and/or lightheadedness. There is no current evidence that suggests that brain shivers or brain zaps represent any danger. However, these electric shock-like sensations can cause you to become alarmed or worry and happen frequently enough to disrupt daily life or quality of life. Signs Symptoms When decreasing or stopping an antidepressant, a neurochemical change takes place in the brain. As the brain readjusts to the new environment, symptoms of withdrawing from Effexor (or another antidepressant) may include: Flu-like symptoms (fatigue, muscle pain, nausea)HeadacheImbalanceNauseaSweatingRestlessnessHigh blood pressureAbnormal sensory disturbancesDizziness?? Psychiatric or cognitive symptoms: Nightmares or excessive dreamsProblems with concentrationAnxiety or worsening of depressionConfusionNarcolepsy (short-lived)Cataplexy (loss of muscle tone triggered by strong emotion)Psychosis?? Flu-Like Symptoms When You Discontinue Antidepressants Coping Relief Effexor withdrawal symptoms develop quickly, so if you are experiencing withdrawal symptoms from missing a dose, take it as soon as you remember.?? If it is already close to the timing of your next scheduled dose, simply skip your missed dose and stick to your schedule. You can reduce your withdrawal symptoms by getting back on your prescribed dosing schedule as soon as possible. While symptoms will typically go away in a few weeks, there are ways to make Effexor withdrawal more tolerable during that time. Here are a few steps to consider: Team up with your doctor.  They are your best ally when it comes to preventing and coping with symptoms of withdrawal. Discuss the benefits and risks of stopping Effexor and work together to figure out how (and when) to slowly stop taking the drug.Ask about OTC medications.  Consult your doctor about any over-the-counter medications that can help ease Effexor withdrawal; for example, sleep aids, anti-nausea medications, and pain relievers.Consider psychotherapy. According to investigators at Harvard Medical School, undergoing psychotherapy while discontinuing an antidepressant can decrease your risk of having a relapse.??Seek support.  Consider asking a close friend or family member for support and let them know what to expect as you work with your doctor to wean off the drug.Keep up with follow-ups. It’s important to keep in touch with your healthcare provider as you are weaning from the drug as well as after you’ve stopped altogether. Depending on how you feel, you may need to book ongoing monthly check-ins until discontinuation symptoms have eased and there are no signs of relapse.Practice self-care. As you are going through withdrawal, it’s more important than ever to exercise, eat healthfully, get regular sleep, and practice stress management.?? These acts of self-care can help keep your mood stable as you taper off Effexor.   5 Self-Care Practices for Every Area of Your Life Warnings Some Effexor withdrawal symptoms can cause disorientation, which can be dangerous when driving or operating heavy machinery.?? Although rare, stopping Effexor on your own can result in severe and frightening reactions. If you or someone you love experiences any of the following symptoms, call 911 or seek medical help right away: DeliriumSuicidal feelingsPsychosis?? If you experience worsening anxiety or depression during withdrawal, and these symptoms last more than a month, it may mean youre having a relapse and need ongoing mental health treatment. Talk to your doctor if you have any concerns. Long-Term Treatment When youve decided to stop taking your antidepressant, it might be tempting to toss out your medication. Instead, take your time and work with your doctor to gradually decrease your dose over an extended period of time. How youll do this will depend on several factors, including: How long youve been taking the drugYour current dose (if youre on a low dose, youll be able to taper off more quickly)Past experience with withdrawal symptomsOverall health Sometimes, even if you are slow and deliberate when weaning off an antidepressant, you still may experience symptoms of discontinuation syndrome. In these cases, your doctor may prescribe fluoxetine, which has been found to help ease discontinuation symptoms.?? Resources In addition to teaming up with your doctor and asking a trusted family member or friend to help you through this period, you may find it helpful to reach out to others who are also going through Effexor withdrawal. The National Association for Mental Illness (NAMI) and the Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA) both offer online discussion groups where you can connect with others who may share similar experiences. You may also be able to find groups on Facebook, in which members can offer each other tips and support. A Word From Verywell While Effexor withdrawal symptoms are rarely life-threatening, they can be uncomfortable and interfere with your daily life. The key to  preventing withdrawal is to take your medication as prescribed and approach any dose changes under the close guidance of your doctor.

The Vienna Circle, By Rudolph Carnap And Kurt Godel

The â€Å"Vienna Circle† was a group of philosophers of the twentieth century, who met with the aim of finding the truth. These famous philosophers founded a school of thought known as logical or empirical positivism, and as a result of that, this school is highly recognized in the history of philosophy. In other words, this group, also known as a gang of philosophers, has as much right to be a school of philosophy as any other school at that time. The group included several philosophers such as Rudolph Carnap and Kurt Godel, who were the founders of the group, which as its name, began meeting in Vienna in the twentieth century. These philosophers who formed the â€Å"Vienna Circle†, dedicated to the philosophy of reconciliation with the new sciences and decided to take charge themselves to assess the truth only in terms of empirical verifiability, or logical of language, which lead philosophy a path interesting. This is called either, â€Å"Logical Positivism† o r â€Å"Empirical Positivism†. 7- Articulate the main themes found in existentialism. We can affirm that all existentialists have in common the doctrine that existence precedes essence, and this is the main idea. This thinking suggests that the most important thing for people is that we are conscious beings (existence) that act freely and independently. Therefore, we cannot be defined by stereotypes, categories, definitions, or other aspects pertaining to the individual (essence). What people do in their daily lives is what

Benefits And Benefits Of College - 848 Words

â€Å"Economic analysis starts from the premise that people will take an action if the extra benefits exceed the extra costs†(Johnston). It is obvious that college is beneficial in today’s society. The good of going to college outweighs the bad of not attending at all or not having the means to attend, if there was not a bad then everyone would have the ability to promote themselves. The benefits of having an Associate’s Degree or Bachelor’s Degree definitely outweighs the cost of college. The college earning is drastically declining because college tuition is increasing, therefore, the capability of students and adults attending college will continue to decrease. Providing the benefits of college at no cost for two years should not be denied to anyone, due to their inability to pay, and it allows everyone to advance further in life. Affording college today is not really an easy task all we hear about is student loans, grants, and scholarships, therefore, college should be free for the first two years. There are several people out in this country that would accept an opportunity to advance forward in school they just do not have the money. People set for lower income paid jobs because school is not for them, or they do not have the finances to attend college. Even if college became free a lot of people would not take advantage of furthering themselves, but those that would love to rise forward would be able to pursue in a career. Several people out in this country, drop collegeShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of College Education1462 Words   |  6 Pagesfuture to support their family and have a brighter future. Some students question whether attending college is worth their time, but research suggests that students who study at postsecondary institutions will benefit in the long run. If students want to have a successf ul future, to be able to support their family, and have a higher income, they will need some sort of higher level education. Going to college can help with unemployment rates and increase the chances of attaining a stable career. PeopleRead MoreBenefits Of Going For College Essay934 Words   |  4 PagesThe Benefits of Going to College Mostly everyone knows that going to college and receiving a degree can make the difference between having a job and having a career. There are several other benefits of going to college, like learning how to live on your own and learning new social skills, as well as other daily skills you couldn’t learn in a class room. Studying and writing papers when I’d rather be having fun or even sleeping may seem painful, but earning a college degree leads to personalRead MoreBenefits Of College Education940 Words   |  4 Pagesadults and graduates. In today’s modern society, this means that people with college degrees will land jobs that others don’t. Many citizens believe a college education is unnecessary to make a sufficient living. This might be true on some occasions, but a college education has a clear impact on your future. College might not be for everyone, but those who complete their education reap the benefits. A four-year college degree results in higher wages, lower chances of unemployment, improved credibilityRead MoreBenefits Of A College Education904 Words   |  4 Pagesknowledge to the general public. After dropping out of college, these men crawled their way to the top, and became some of the most wealthy, and well known public figures of today’s era. While neither of these billionaires needed a college degree in order to achieve success, they are not representative of the norm. The act of going to college is an important first step in leading a successful life, because it helps stimulate individual growth, allows college graduates the ability to find a well paying jobRead MoreCollege Benefits and Obstacles794 Words   |  4 PagesCollege success has become a most desirable goal. However, many students struggle through college. In fact, according to the Website Ask.com, approximately 15 percent of college students receive a degree. Because I’m willing to earn a degree like many other successful stud ents, I find that college is the stepping stone to my dream goals. I know that college is difficult, but I realize that attaining my dream of a college education will require me to understand the benefits of what I’m learning, toRead MoreThe Benefits Of College Internship709 Words   |  3 Pagesfield of interest. Internships usually have participants that are students in college or graduate school. While there is a multitude of beneficial reasons to participate in an internship, they have proven to have some disadvantages. Students have conflicting views about whether or not a college internship should be a requirement for graduation. Regardless, students should take the opportunity of discovering all the benefits associated with internships. Internships, at least the ones we are familiarRead MoreThe Benefits Of College Internship979 Words   |  4 Pagesgain experience. Internships usually have participants that are students in college or graduate school. While there are a multitude of beneficial reasons to participate in an internship, they have proven to have some disadvantages. Students have conflicting views about whether or not a college internship should be a requirement for graduation. Regardless, students should take the opportunity of discovering all the benefits associated with internships. Internships, at least the ones we are familiarRead MoreBenefits Of A College Education900 Words   |  4 PagesThere are countless of benefits when going to college, as there is a greater significance to a college education than money. You will gain the knowledge that will get you further in life than others. Expanding the way you learn, think, and express yourself is necessary if you want to be successful in whatever you decide to do. Without a college education, you will not have many choices when looking for a job. An associate, bachelors, masters, and so on, will help you with a career of your choiceRead MoreBenefits of a College Education810 Words   |  3 PagesAre you aware that a college education can get you stability and a higher paying job? Many people are unaware of the advantages a secondary education can make on their lives. Furthering your college education is guaranteed to put you at a higher tax bracket. According to the Census Bureau (2010), â€Å"43.5 million p eople have some form of postsecondary education but no degree, an estimated one fifth of Americans age 25 and older†. The importance of a college education in the United States has provedRead MoreBenefits Of A College Degree911 Words   |  4 Pagesnearly all say similar things, and that is that going to college will probably give you more opportunities to make money. You don t even need a fancy degree, or study to see it. A normal person with a bachelor s degree earns about $48,000 per year, compared with $27,000 for a high school graduate. Grads also have lower unemployment, from cases of lack of education, as of November 3. The labor field has always paid a number more, for college graduates, and that rate has grown sharply over the past

Relationship Between Child Abuse and Delinquency Free Essays

string(103) " and trust with a child it will forever make it difficult for them to have a relationship with anyone\." A child is an innocent figure only looking for love and care from those around them. No one can ever imagine that the lives of children are put in danger everyday. Child abuse is commonly known for physical marks such as bruises or broken bones. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Child Abuse and Delinquency or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is obvious that some marks are not from falling off a bike and those are the signs that appear that something is wrong with the child. According to the Florida Statue, abuse means any willful act or threatened act that results in any physical, mental, or sexual injury or harm that causes or is likely to cause the child’s physical, mental, or emotional health to be significantly impaired. Abuse of a child includes acts or omissions. Corporal discipline of a child by a parent or legal custodian for disciplinary purposes does not in itself constitute abuse when it does not result in harm to the child. [s. 39. 01(2),F. S. ]. However, there are several types of abuse. Emotional abuse and neglect can also mean making a child feel worthless, not paying attention to them, and putting them in dangerous situations. Whether it is physical or not child abuse is never an answer to a situation because the end result will only cause harm. Some often wonder about child delinquents and the reason behind their actions. Children’s behavior can be the result of genetic, social, and environmental factors. In addition, it can relate to their emotional, cognitive, and physical characteristics. In this particular topic it is a factor as to why children become a delinquent. Some may debate that it is not a result of child abuse that children’s behavior become corrupt but there are behaviors that mirror what the child is going through in their life. I. Prevalence Once a child has been abused there are several outcomes for them as they grow up. With that outcome creates a strong relationship between child abuse and later delinquency. Being abused at a young age increases the occurrence of a child to become delinquent and results in being arrested. Researchers found that the prevalence of child abuse was a risk factor for delinquency, violent delinquency, and moderate delinquency. It was seen frequently in a more serious form of delinquency in dealing with assaults but not in lesser forms of delinquency such as underage drinking (Cross, 2003). On the other side of this issue some people believe that being abused as a child does not ecessarily mean that the child will become a delinquent. Abuse alone does not lead to an act of violence. It would seem that something peculiar about certain kinds of abuse would promote delinquency or that additional factors interact with abuse and together it will contribute to the development of antisocial, often aggressive behavior. Although about 20 percent of abused children go on to become delinquent, retrospective studies indicate that surprisingly high percentages of delinquents were previously abused, neglected, or both. The United States Department of Health and Human Services has estimated that approximately 3. 4 children per 1,000 per year are physically abused. These proportions provide some measure with which to compare the prevalence of a history of abuse in delinquents (Cicchetti, 2001). II. Effects on Children There are several effects on children involved in child abuse. These effects are so strong that a child may never be able to deal and cope with what they have experienced. Effects may range from having trouble in relationships with others to not being able to function in a work setting. For children as young as twelve months old there are immediate effects of child abuse such as injuries resulting from shaking. Physical child abuse can vary from child to child depending on six factors: severity of the physical abuse, frequency of the abuse, age of the child when physical abuse begun, child’s relationship to the abuser, availability of support from people, and child’s ability to cope (Pipe, 2008). How hard a child is struck is only one aspect of severity. The object in which the child is struck with can also be a factor. It does not mean that a fist or an open hand will cause less effects but, the measure of damaged done to the child can make a big difference in how the child will cope. It only takes one punch, one slap, or one broken bone to lead to a severe trauma and the more a child is abused on a regular basis the more effects will be placed on the child. If a child is being abused at a young age it will leave more of an impact on them. It will also show a bigger impression as they continue to age. As for the abuser, it is usually someone the child knows and has a close relationship with such as a parent. When being close to the abuser it makes it harder for the child to betray their trust in telling others what is occurring. A child may even fear the abuser and is force to keep quiet so they will not face harsher punishments. Instead of having that person take care of them they are hurting the child. Sometimes a child has one person or friend who they can turn to when they feel lost or confused about what is happening to them but, when there is no one to lean on they may encounter feelings of abandonment which then adds on to more effects of abuse. Coping strategies can also be a form of effects for children. An abused child may be the class clown in class where they use their humor to cover up their sufferings. Some other effects include lack of trust and relationship difficulties. Being abused by the one person who should be the first person to trust is putting a child in a position that no one is safe. By breaking that bond and trust with a child it will forever make it difficult for them to have a relationship with anyone. You read "Relationship Between Child Abuse and Delinquency" in category "Essay examples" They may never understand what a good relationship consists of since all they know is how to be abusive and controlling over another person. Another effect on children is feeling worthless. Some believe that name calling should not leave a mark on a person but for young children not knowing any better or understanding the concept of what is being done to them can make them truly believe whatever is being said to them. They will believe that they are not smart or pretty and grow up thinking that they are damaged and are good for nothing. Lastly, abused children tend to have problems expressing their feelings and regulating their emotions. Some children keep quiet to themselves and hold all their emotions inside while others may lash out unexpectedly causing them to become aggressive and harming others. If these emotions are not dealt with right away it will carry on to their adulthood where they will struggle with issues such as anger and depression which then can lead to drugs and alcohol. The effects of abuse can continue on in a variety of ways but this is only a handful of effects that can occur. III. Role of Professional Social Worker in addressing the issue A social worker, whether protective or one who has other job functions, is considered to be a professional (Popple and Leighninger, 2007). A professional is one who possesses the following: a systematic body of knowledge, authority because of his or her expertise, sanction from the community, a code of ethics, a professional culture, and an obligation to professionalism or to perform competently (Crowsson-Tower, 2010). As for child abuse, a social worker must know and understand what is going on in the home of an abusive child. He or she will need to have the knowledge of how to work with the family and what they do and do not like. Being in this field of work a social worker will have the role of working with different systems such as the community and the government. They will need to be aware of what will always be best for the client even if it results in removing a child from the home. A child may not understand why they are being taken away from their home but the social worker will have to trust their instincts of how to handle the situation. A social worker will always have the authority from their agency to take and place children into the foster care system. From knowledge, authority, and community sanctions social workers are able and are mandated to report any situation they feel should be reported. By committing these acts, a social worker is following the code of ethics as well as a professional mannerism. In addition, social workers and administrators may hold divergent views on the needs of the clients within the context of overall agency responsibilities. Thus, there is a culture of related professionals who, despite similarities, are often quite different in their views and opinions (Crosson-Tower, 2010). Other roles a profession social worker must carry is having ethical competence. There are many diverse clients who social workers will come across and will need to be able to relate to their client’s values, language, history, traditions, and basic ways to accommodate the needs of the minority clients. Furthermore, when having clients that are young like children, social workers will need to know personal qualities such as showing warmth and sensitivity. These qualities are crucial in this role as many children who have been abused do not understand how it feels to be nurtured. A social worker may not get carried away with their sensitive side as it is also their responsibility to provide structure and allocate the duties of the child’s case. IV. Intervention Techniques Once a child has been abused and a social worker has been informed everything becomes intensified when dealing with the family. An intervention process is then put into work where techniques are brought into the scene so no harm is done and no one will remain upset. Effective intervention that is, to intervene so as to cause the least damage and prove the most helpful with culturally diverse populations necessitates several areas of expertise on the part of the worker and agency (Fontes, 2008; Leigh, 1998; Rothman, 2007). If there is a city with a high culture of Hispanics, it is a good technique to have many case workers who are fluent in Spanish. Creating intervention techniques may be easy or difficult depending on the family. However, one main technique that is proven to be helpful is identifying the strengths of the family. Before they know what they have done is wrong it is easier to develop a bond with them by assuring them that they can trust you as their social worker. As this trust is gained it is merely one step at a time and one problem at a time for the family. The social worker will then help the family choose their goals and how to go about accomplishing them. In this particular circumstance in child abuse there are a lot of resources that must be used during the intervention stage. A family will need to focus on treatment of an abusive parent, legal issues, employment, parenting skills, and any other services needed for the intervention. Removing a child from the home may be best at this point since signs of abuse are obvious but it may also be a benefit for the parent where they are able to relieve any tension and focus on themselves. Techniques that are commonly used in intervention also consist of self-disclosure, instilling hope, working through resistance, and use of a sense of humor. Demonstrating similar stories on how people overcome problems in the same situation will help the client realize that they are not the only ones who have been put in their situation and it is possible for them to make a turnaround. Instilling hope gives the client the strength and confidence in themselves and the ability to become a better person. There may be some parents who refuse to work through treatment but social workers should not take this as an offense as it may be that the parents have always been passive. The social worker will then have to work with the parents in trying to get to them to open up. Lastly, by demonstrating a sense of humor with laughter gives off a comfort to the client. V. Implications for Practice As the saying goes, practice makes perfect however, in this profession one can never receive enough practice. Working with others is a big responsibility where the life of someone such as children is placed in your hands to protect. The most evident ways to practice for this career is to take as many courses as possible to prepare you for any and every situation possible. Never assume to work with only one client population as there are a various ethnicities. One must be able to work with diverse populations and be able to research on cultures if it is not known. Some other suggestions for practice are to role play with others who are involved with working in the same field. Being put in a position is the experience that all future social workers need whether they are the client or the case worker. Researching on cases and learning the concepts behind the meaning of why and how protocols are used can be an immense amount of help. Volunteering as well will give the experience a person will need to work in this field. It is better to find out early on that this is a career one wants then to be stressed over why they chose to do it. Shadowing workers can also give good practice on what to do and what not to do when working with clients. In the end, once you are placed in the field and are working with others, a social worker will grasp the concept and procedures of how to handle each case. As long as the passion is there to do what it best for the client the social worker will always be doing their job. References Chapter 39, Florida Statues and excerpts from the Florida rules of juvenile procedure. (2005). Tallahassee: Florida Cicchetti, D. (2001). Child maltreatment: theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect. New York: New York Cross, Theodore P. , Wendy A. Walsh,  Monique Simone,  Lisa M. Jones, â€Å"Prosecution of Child Abuse: A Meta-Analysis of Rates of Criminal Justice Decisions,† Trauma, Violence, Abuse: A Review Journal. Volume 4 (October 2003): pages 323-340. Crosson-Tower, C. (2010). Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect (8th ed. ). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Fontes, L. A. (2008). Child Abuse and Culture. New York: Guilford. Leigh, J. W. (1998). Communicating for Cultural Competence. Boston: Allyn Bacon. Pipe, Margaret-Ellen, Yael Orbach, Michael Lamb, Craig B. Abbott, Heather Stewart, Do Best Practice Interviews with Child Abuse Victims Influence Case Processing? (pdf, 123 pages), Washington, D. C. , National Institute of Justice, U. S. Department of Justice, NCJ 224524, November 2008. Popple, P. R. , and Leighninger, I. (2007). Social Work, Social Welfare, and American Society. Boston: Allyn Bacon. Rothman. J. C. (2007). Cultural Competence in Process and Practice: Building Bridges. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson How to cite Relationship Between Child Abuse and Delinquency, Essay examples

Communications Plan Multicultural With Stakeholders

Question: Discuss about the Communications Plan Multicultural With Stakeholders. Answer: Introduction: The content of this report is objectified to the topic communication in a business where Samsung has been chosen for the analysis. Communication between an organization, rather say among the different department and authorities of an organization is the fundamental requirement. A successful business, employee management as well as employee satisfaction heavily depends on the appropriate approach to the customer satisfaction. Communication is not required for only the internal management issues of an organization, it is equally important for the relationship with the external factors that is consumers, suppliers, society and governments. Here, this report is based on an incident of product recall (smartphones, tablet) by Samsung. Strong communication is required prior to such incidents as Samsung is a global company and millions of people are attached to this brand. The aim of this report is to establish a communication plan that helps Samsung to interact with its internal and external stakeholders. However, prior to this descriptive plan, the report has given an account on the different stakeholders of the company so that, different and effective communicative approach can be adopted for different stakeholders. Another important inclusion in this report is the analytical description of the effectiveness of the communications plan that has been suggested here. such measure has made this report more reliable and practical. Identification of relevant stakeholders: Samsung is a South Korean multinational conglomerate company with numerous subsidiaries. Both the smartphones and tablets are manufactured under the label of Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. Samsung electronics conducts its business operation across 80 countries and almost 370,000 people are attached to this organization (Roth, 2014). Hence, it is clear that Samsung involves a large number of stakeholders across worldwide. this part of the report has identified both the internal and external stakeholders of the Samsung. Internal stakeholders: As mentioned by, Shwom and Snyder (2015), internal stakeholders are the individual or groups those participate in the organizational activities. In simple words, internal stakeholders are the part of the organizational structure. Internal stakeholders both influence and get influenced by the success or failure of the business operation of an organization; because, they invest their effort, money and time for the sake of an organization. Argenti(2015), suggested that all the decisions, activities, profitability and performance of an organization greatly impact the internal stakeholders. Without any efficient internal stakeholders, it becomes difficult for an organization to survive in the particular industry in long run. For Samsung, its internal stakeholders are as following: Owners: Owners are the significant shareholder of the company and capable of taking any decisions concerning to both the internal and external shareholders (Guffey Loewy, 2012). Samsung follows an extremely complicated structure for its ownership. Circular ownership is also seen in the organizational structure. Samsung electronics is the flagship division of the Samsung group that accounted 70% of the revenues for the year of 2012 (Samsung.com., 2017). Managers: Managers are also important in for the organizational context because they have a substantial role in the determination of any strategies, their implementation as well as for the business operations. According to, Bargiela-Chiappini, Nickerson and Planken(2013), managers act as the mediators between the shareholders and the owners or board of directors. Samsung is divided into many subsidiaries and hundreds of its offices across the globe. Each office has a manager who is concerned with the operation and employee management of the company in that particular region of the country. Employees: As mentioned by, Ver?i?, Ver?i? and Sriramesh(2012), good human resources are the base of a stable structure of an organization. The success, performance, accomplishment of companys goal and standard of the service majorly depend on the employee and their inputs for those aspects. For Samsung, a total number of the employees till the year of 2016 is 392,305 (Samsung.com., 2017). An important aspect should be kept in mind that Samsung deals with various countries; thus, the organization is required an effective communication system to handle different issues related to different scenarios of employee management. Board of directors: A group of members is selected at the annual general meeting, who are supposed to monitor the incorporated entity of the organization. Chairman of the Samsung is Lee-Kun-hee who also is the major shareholder of the company; Lee-Jae-yong and Kwon-Oh-hyun are the vice chairman of the company. Kwon-Oh-hyun has served the position of CEO till 2012 (Samsung.com., 2017). External stakeholders: External stakeholders are not the direct part of the management of the organization; they deal with the company externally. Though external stakeholders do not take participation in day-to-day activities of an organization, its decision effects the external shareholders. However, external stakeholders are an important part of the organization because the success of the company is equally dependent on them (Castells, 2013). For Samsung, external stakeholders are: Suppliers: They are responsible for delivering the resources for the manufacture. Samsung produces smartphones and other electronic gadgets with the help of microchips, software, semiconductors and other technological intervention in its own production plants. However, it uses few production firms in South Korea. Consumers: Consumers are responsible for the success of a business; if the consumers prefer the products it will enhance the market whereas, lack of customer satisfaction negative affect the business (Anken, 2013). Samsung operation multiple foreign ventures; thus, it covers consumers from different social, cultural and economic background. A huge number of consumers has led Samsung to hold the position of the most popular organization in the smartphone industry. Society: An organization is required to maintain the positive impact on the society through its business or operational strategy. Corporate social responsibility is the term that is concerned with such context. Collaboration with the local community to establish ethical and practical goods for the society and the population comes under this provision (Quirke, 2012). NGOs: NGOs influence the business of an organization by monitoring the facts whether the organization is abiding the provision of child labor, adequate wage system, gender equality, environmental sustainability etc. Government: Different rules, regulation and legislative acts are the guidelines for an organization to conduct a legal and ethical business (Anderson, 2012). As Samsung has its operational set ups in different countries, they follow different labor acts, industry acts of that particular countries. Competitors: Competitors create pressure on an organization that in turn helps the organization go for more innovative and approaching products for the consumers (Downs Adrian, 2012). For Samsung, continuous competition from the Apple has forced it to think the most innovative technologies for its smartphones and tablets so that it can get a competitive advantage. Objective and scope of the communication plan: For this report, the objective of the communication plan is to inform all the stakeholders of Samsung about the incident of recalling the products such as smartphones and tablets from the market. The communication plan will address both the internal and external stakeholders of the organization so that confusion can be mitigated and control over the situation can be obtained. The scope of the communication plan depends on the fact that how successfully Samsung has incorporated the strategies for the communication plan; moreover, an appropriate presentation is also required in this regard to make each stakeholder acknowledged with the incident. For better understanding description, has been provided on how Samsung can develop a communication plan concerned to the recall for different stakeholders. Communication with the employees: As employees are the internal stakeholders they must be aware of the facts on ongoing procedures in an organization. However, Samsung should officially discuss the reason behind recalling of the products from the market. In such situation, employees; motivation and performance get affected; they sometimes get confused regarding their job security (Quintanilla Wahl, 2016). Hence, to avoid such circumstances Samsung is required to hold an effective communicative session with the employees disclosing the current status of the company and its consequences. Communication with managers: Managers always act as the mediator between the senior authority and ground workers; thus, they should be aware of the facts to avoid any situations that can result in misunderstanding and misleading events for the employees (Cornelissen, 2014). Moreover, senior authorities of the organization should guide the managers to take control over the situation. Communication with the investors: The main concern in this context is to give the assurance that they will get the return on their investments. For the scenario, mentioned here, Samsung can present an alternative plan for revenue collection to the investors. Uninterrupted communication with the investors is the only way to make them loyal and engaged to the company (Collier, Blackstone Taylor, 2012). Communication with consumers: This is one of the most important measures that the company is required to obtain because recalling of the products leave negative impacts on the brand reputation and business of an organization (Ulmer, Sellnow Seeger, 2013). Samsung must share the reason why they have taken their products back. Moreover, they should also give alternative options for the products they have drawn back from the market. Apart from that, it should also be declared to the customers about what improvements organization has made for their latest products. Communication with NGOs and governmental authorities: Samsung must interact with such entities with the declaration of the issues via the formal approach of communication. Determination of various communication channel: Dozier, Grunig and Grunig(2013), has suggested that an appropriate approach should be adopted while interacting with others. The approach depends on the fact with whom we are interacting. Sometimes, an organization face difficulties to select appropriate options to interact with the different kinds of stakeholders; that is why explanation has been given on different kind of communication channels that could be adopted by Samsung. Formal communication channels: This kind of communication channel follows the system that involves a chain of commands to deliver the message to the target audience. Such channel is followed when a manager is required to communicate with his or her subordinates. This channel of communication transmits the official information across the organization (Harper, 2015). Samsung can use newsletters or official documents to make the employees and other shareholders such as customers and investors aware of the incident of recalling the smartphones and tablets. The advantage of this communication channel that it will address all the concerned authorities appropriately. The disadvantage of this approach is that the strict hierarchical process can note be efficiently implemented on its own and requires an informal way of communication. Informal communication channel: Informal communication channel lacks the hierarchal web of the communication. Commands are not strictly followed here. This kind communication takes place in a relaxing atmosphere; for example, it can be said that the conversation takes place among the employees during the free time is part of the informal communication channel (Ruck Welch, 2012). Managers of Samsung can apply this approach if any employee asks about the incidents happening in the organization due to the recalling of the products. The advantage of informal communication is that it encourages the employees to clear their confusions whereas, it also can disrupt the firm management structures due to the assumptions of audiences on a particular incident. Unofficial communication channels: This kind of communication is taken place the public aware of any incident unofficially such as using social media to inform the audience about the recalling. This can be done in different ways; for instance, if an employee shares the current status of the internal situation of his organization in his personal social account it will make the other people aware of the incident, however, in an unofficial term. Another option is if the social fan groups of a product or an organization share information (which can be a rumor) on its social page to make people aware. However, Brummanset al. (2014), has argued that using social platform has become more official way nowadays to reach the customer. hence, Samsung can easily adopt this approach to make its consumers aware about the facts behind recalling. Moreover, by doing this, Samsung can avoid unnecessary avoiding of rumors also. One of the advantages of this channel is that it can inform the large numbe r of audience with fewer efforts; the disadvantage of this process is it can spread rumors resulting into uncontrollable disturbances. Critical evaluation of the communication plan: Communication is extremely important to maintain a continuous flow of the organizational activities. On addition, the effectiveness of the organizational management also depends on the appropriative communicative relation (Miller, 2014). For the critical evaluation of the communication plan, it can be said the plan can hold successful results if it is implemented in a proper way. Before implementation of any plan collective decisions are required to be taken; for this case, Samsung authority should understand importance of this communication plan to address its different stakeholders about situation. On addition, the company must accept and analyze the feedback of this plan so that improvement in the communication plan can be done for later. For a complicated situation, sensible management is highly recommended; thus, assessment of the key points of this planning must be conducted. As mentioned before, Samsung is required to follow the apposite communication channels to address parti cular stakeholders of the organization. This communication plan will be helpful for Samsung as it will polish the interactive approach with its shareholders; it can also result in a more successful relationship with the shareholders. Conclusion: This report has been constructed for the identification of different measures for an effective communication plan. For, this report, Samsung has been selected; the organization has recently recalled few of its products such as smartphones and tablets from the market. In such condition, it is obvious for formation of a chaotic environment among the stakeholders of the organization. To overcome such situation, this report has developed a communication plan that can be used for the controlling of the situation. This report has first described the different stakeholders of Samsung; importance of both the internal and external stakeholders for an organization has been described in this concern. The report has provided an analytical approach for the description of different approaches, required communicate with different stakeholders. For the obtaining of an appropriate communication, different channels have been followed within an organization. This report has given a detailed account on those different procedures that Samsung can follow to address its particular stakeholders. Formal communication channel involves a chain of commands, whereas, the informal channel of communication takes place during a friendly or relaxing environment. Unofficial communication involves social platforms for to spread the information. All the measures, described here, has been evaluated to understand whether these approaches are appropriate and viable or not to the situation. Hence, it can be said that this report has successfully placed all the information to satisfy the topic of communication in business and can be further revised while conducting any extensive research on this topic. References Anderson, J. A. (Ed.). (2012).Communication yearbook 14(No. 14). Routledge. Anken, B. (2013). What is Business Discourse?. InBusiness Discourse(pp. 3-44). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Argenti, P. A. (2015).Corporate communication. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Bargiela-Chiappini, F., Nickerson, C., Planken, B. (2013). What is Business Discourse?. InBusiness Discourse(pp. 3-44). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Brummans, B. H. J. M., Cooren, F., Robichaud, D., Taylor, J. R. (2014). Approaches to the communicative constitution of organizations.The SAGE handbook of organizational communication: Advances in theory, research, and methods, 173-194. Castells, M. (2013).Communication power. OUP Oxford. Collier, B., Blackstone, S. W., Taylor, A. (2012). Communication access to businesses and organizations for people with complex communication needs.Augmentative and Alternative Communication,28(4), 205-218. Cornelissen, J. (2014).Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Downs, C. W., Adrian, A. D. (2012).Assessing organizational communication: Strategic communication audits. Guilford Press. Dozier, D. M., Grunig, L. A., Grunig, J. E. (2013).Manager's guide to excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge. Guffey, M. E., Loewy, D. (2012).Essentials of business communication. Cengage Learning. Harper, C. (2015).Organizations: Structures, processes and outcomes. Routledge. Miller, K. (2014).Organizational communication: Approaches and processes. Nelson Education. Quintanilla, K. M., Wahl, S. T. (2016).Business and professional communication: keys for workplace excellence. Sage Publications. Quirke, M. B. (2012).Making the connections: using internal communication to turn strategy into action. Gower Publishing, Ltd.. Roth, S. (2014). The things that go without saying: on performative differences between business value communication and communication on business values.International Journal of Business Performance Management,15(3), 175-191. Ruck, K., Welch, M. (2012). Valuing internal communication; management and employee perspectives.Public Relations Review,38(2), 294-302. Samsung.com,. (2017). Executives | Samsung Electronics | About Us. Samsung au. Retrieved 6 January 2017, from https://www.samsung.com/au/aboutsamsung/samsungelectronics/executives/executives_02/ Shwom, B. G., Snyder, L. G. (2015).Business communication: Polishing your professional presence. Pearson. Ulmer, R. R., Sellnow, T. L., Seeger, M. W. (2013).Effective crisis communication: Moving from crisis to opportunity. Sage Publications. Ver?i?, A. T., Ver?i?, D., Sriramesh, K. (2012). Internal communication: Definition, parameters, and the future.Public relations review,38(2), 223-230.

Karl Marx, Max Weber and Talcott Parsons Contributions in Sociology

Fredrick Engels Economics

Fredrick Engels Economics Fredrick Engels tried to understand society at a time when Europe was embracing capitalism. The period was characterized by industrial development and private ownership of property. Modern technology contributed to modernization of production.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fredrick Engels: Economics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The society had to change from previous modes such as feudalism to capitalism. Many scholars gave their views as regards to economic organization. Engels had his own views that were purely socialist in nature. According to Engels, resources should be controlled by society not individuals. In society, the owners of the means of production own everything whereas the proletariat owns nothing. The workers produce goods that they do not consume mainly because of high prices. Goods and services are extremely expensive for the working class since they are paid little. Pauperization finds its wa y to society because people cannot meet their needs. Political leaders take advantage of the prevailing conditions to buy votes from workers. Workers have nothing to offer in society apart from cheap labor (Engels 87). This paper analyzes how Engels viewed society and how he wanted the society to be. The paper addresses four major issues that are of concern to the working class. These include exploitation, alienation, subjugation and domination. Engels observed that economic organization was the central aspect of society. This means that the means of production such as tools, raw materials and skills are very important as compared to other values. Economics controls all forms of human life including social, political and cultural life. He referred to economics as the base meaning the foundation upon which other structures are developed. The superstructure such as ideas, culture, politics, education system and religion is controlled by economics. The rich persons use their wealth to acquire education and political power. Workers are perpetually pushed to the periphery if not subjugated. Workers exist only at the mercy of the ruling class.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In other words, life is completely dependent on production and distribution of goods. Engels focuses more on materialistic interpretation of human history. He criticizes the existing social arrangement that is based on material resources. He correctly observes that the central institution of capitalistic society is private ownership of property. It is true that societal resources are controlled by the few in the capitalistic society. Goods are produced for the market not for domestic or communal consumption. Therefore, the major aim of the owners of the means of production is profit maximization. In this regard, they use all available means to accumulate resources. Engels observed that the owners of the means of production bribe voters to acquire state power. State machinery is employed to suppress any efforts of liberation. Police officers are used to prevent workers from exercising their democratic right of demonstration. The labor unions are influenced by labor ministries to accept biased labor laws. The learned members of society and religious leaders are also influenced by bourgeoisies to pacify the population. Intellectuals rationalize, legitimize and justify the existing social order, which is distorted in real sense. Religious leaders quote some specific verses of holy books to prove to the proletariat that everything is okay. Verses such as ‘be contended with your lot’ encourage the working class to work hard. Societal institutions such as the media are also objects that exist to serve the interests of the bourgeoisies (Engels 97). The owners of the means of production use the media to spread their ideology and propaganda. Furthermore, t he media is used to market products that only benefit the bourgeoisie. Engels used the idea of dialectics to show how change would occur. Change would occur in form of a revolution. The existing social order, which he terms as thesis will generate its anti-thesis. From the struggle, a qualitative and a more appealing social order would emerge called synthesis.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fredrick Engels: Economics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Engels perceived the synthesis as being people oriented. The state would be forced to serve the interests of the majority. This is what other scholars refer to as social democracy or socialism. Resources would be distributed equality among members of society. However, he cautions that the bourgeoisie will not sit back and watch the proletariat take over state power. The owners of the means of production would use all available resources and techniques to maintain status quo. Through this, many will lose their lives. According to Engels, nothing would overthrow the rule of minority other than a revolution. Some workers will be bribed to betray their fellow proletariat but workers will identify such tricks and move on with their plans. Engels continues to give his views by noting that profits would fall among capitalists mainly because of competition. At the same time, workers would gain consciousness and demand for their labor rights. Capitalists will resort to using technology because it is easy to control. Workers would then wage a war due to unemployment and hard economic life. This is how a socialist revolution will take place. In other words, Engels appreciates the relationship between the worker and the bourgeoisie. It is a complex relationship (Engels 101). Workers need employment whereas the bourgeoisie needs labor. In conclusion, workers cannot exist without the presence of the bourgeoisie. The employers try to eliminate workers from the p roduction process by resorting technology. Domination, exploitation, alienation and subjugation have reached climax in the 21st century. Each company produces goods for the market. Workers are expected to work like machines implying that Engels postulations are accurate. There is no time for leisure and social recreation in the modern world. The worker is only given some time to carry out animal related activities such as eating, sleeping and procreating.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Engels, Fredrick. Condition of the Working Class in England. London: Penguin Classics, 1987.

Strategic Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Marketing - Essay Example For marketers operating in a business-to-business environment, this means merging product use and industry sector segmentation with other facets that are associated with purchasing decisions. These can include factors such as the criteria for procurement, and decision motivations that will determine the out-sized purchases made by the organization. For example, the trend towards more use of subcontractors generates market for those suppliers. However, the retailers require a strategic marketing vision in order to make out or perceive these new markets before their business rivals also identify them and take the opportunity (Manning and Reece, 2003). Consumer marketers have to consider the use of demographic and geographic segmentation; along with psychographic segmentation such as attitudes, values, consumer lifestyles, and the motivation for product usage. For example, the aging population segment generates an increased demand for a wide range of goods. It also forms market niches t hat are big enough to make marketing as well as product development a worthwhile endeavor. These same factors can also contribute to the decrease in demand for other items. Occasionally, rather than increase sales or advertising efforts, it is more advisable to desert a declining market. Without strategic marketing tactics, an organization can actually waste valuable assets or miss a rare opportunity to take advantage of prevailing favourable conditions. The strategic marketing plan procedure usually has three stages. These are segmenting the market, profiling the market segments, and the creation of a market segment marketing strategy. Creating Value to Customers in Strategic Marketing The value in a manufactured product is usually defined by the reaction of customers to it. It is essentially a matter of the customer’s perception. If the product is perceived by the consumer as possessing value then that discernment will lead to a procurement. Customer value may also develop from having employed the product over and over again with pleasing results. Customer value in its most fundamental form refers to the difference between the price of a product and the benefit the customer gets from the product. Today's customers are much more informed as a result of the easily available modes of electronic communication that are available (Cravens and Piercy, 2008). As such, they usually purchase the goods that they sense are worth the cost required to attain them. Customers usually know precisely what they want to buy and will not waste time with low value products. It is important for marketers to have products that can be considered as unique. This is something that can make the product be viewed as being of utmost value, resulting in a higher price being appropriate. In their mission to communicate information to consumers pertaining to products, sales professionals frequently oversell and fail to notice the consumers’ real needs. Consequently, the produc t presented is of hardly any value to consumers. The greatest challenge that marketing professionals have to confront today is rising beyond the ordinary noise level, getting access to their targeted market, and eventually buying influence. Qualified leads are just harder to come by in today’s market which is saturated with the pitches of dedicated marketers. The convergence of rich media, digital graphics, direct response tools, email,

Position Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Position Research Paper - Essay Example Schools can help children facing substantial obstacles of poverty and discrimination to learn to read, write, compute, solve and become the good contribution citizens? Karen Chenoweth and Kati Haycock try to answer this question in their book Its Being Done; Academic Success in Unexpected (2007). Looking at the history of the American education system the answer whether schools have the potential to deliver the pearls of wisdom and knowledge to the poor kids is ‘yes’. The schools have the potential to deliver. It is and not a mathematical question of judging the resources against the population. It is the undertaking of faith and commitment. Quality education does not only mean that one should put together a bunch of students from all races and ethnicities in the same class. It defeats the purpose because the competition will eradicate the less privileged students. Increased competition improves student performance (Marlow, 2000); however, the competition should be at the same level. The educators and the teachers need to design the courses and teaching methodologies according to the students’ needs. Does the Californian public schools have this acumen and the vision? The authors write in the book that standard suburban schools paint the perfect picture of this unjust education competition where wealthy white girls excel in education and the poor African-American and Latino children barely survive. The solution is not only confined to giving due attention. Interestingly, ethnic and racial discrimination also plagues the education system. It is a common observation that there are schools where all the kids are whites or from the upper middle class. Such segregation or accumulation of ethnicities reflects the test scores of the students. The elementary schools show high average state test scores and high schools show above average SAT scores. These schools also feel proud in sending dozens of kids to Ivy League colleges. But

Impact of Smoking on Child Health

Impact of Smoking on Child Health Environment and Hazard -5 The Home Environment plays an important role in many issues affecting child health across the globe. Children in general may be vulnerable and become exposed to various other household hazards such as exposures to known harmful building materials, chemicals, radon, drinking water and well-water and nitrogen dioxide. Poor housing conditions and poor ventilation together with household air pollution may also increase the risks of child hood diseases. Indoor exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) may also be hazardous and contribute to health consequences like asthma in those children that are affected. Full exposure Pathway Exposures to tobacco smoking may occur at any level along the entire stages of human development and these may include preconception (maternal and paternal smoking), pregnancy (maternal smoking and passive smoking), infancy (passive smoking), childhood (passive and active smoking) and young and adulthood (active and passive smoking). 1 The key internal exposure pathways and their possible routes for exposure to tobacco smoking that may lead to asthma include; In utero exposure 2 mainly concerns the maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke(ETS) associated with pregnancy via active or passive smoking. Route: Trans placental Mothers who are pregnant and are either active smokers or passive smokers run a risk of their developing foetus being exposed to the chemical toxicants of tobacco smoke transmitted via the placenta.2 The tobacco smoke constituents are initially inhaled through the respiratory airways to the smaller airways in the lungs (bronchioles) and then absorbed through the tiny gas-exchanging airway sacs (alveoli) and into the maternal blood circulation. Indoor air exposure particularly second hand smoke, where the children at household level are frequently getting exposed if their family members are smokers. Studies have showed that children are (the two reasons highlighted). 3 Route: Inhalation Active smoking refers to the active smokers who inhale the undiluted smoke directly into their lungs from the end of cigarette which is called mainstream smoke (MS). 4 Theconstituents ofmainstream smoke are believed to contain higher in doses of tobacco chemicals compared to passive smoking. Second Hand Smoking or Passive smoking- refers to the non-active smokers who mostly inhale what is called second-hand smoke (SHS) which is a mixture of side-stream smoke(SS) comprised of both the smoke from the glowing cigarette and the exhaled air (mainstream smoke).4 Thus, the side-stream smoke is diluted because it contains both the exhaled mainstream smoke and air and may be less in concentration of the tobacco chemical constituents.4 Third-hand smoke refers to the surface-deposited tobacco smoke chemical components which may be left in indoor environments for periods that allow change to their compositions and render them harmful to humans especially infants and toddlers who commonly practice hand-mouth on contaminated surfaces.5 Asthma Asthma can be defined as an inflammatory airway disease involving inflammation and impairment of airway due to a complex interaction of immune cells and nonimmune environmental factors that trigger asthma such as tobacco smoking and second hand smoke. 6 Scope and nature of problem Asthma is a very common chronic disease affecting children and is believed to affect almost 300 million people world-wide.7Evidence has shown that the prevalence of asthma has been on the rise in the last 50 years (Ref) with increasing trends noted in the industrialised and developed regions. The increase in the global burden of asthma disease ensures that important environmental factors that contribute to asthma are clearly identified for improved intervention and prevention strategies. Risk factors The risk factors for asthma that are commonly known include allergies, positive family history of asthma, cock-roach allergen, environmental tobacco smoke exposure(ETS), and prenatal smoking. 8 The diagram shown below in figure 1 summarises the early life risk factors for persistent asthma 9. It shows the different pathways in which environmental exposures and genetic predispositions lead to asthma. As illustrated, environmental exposures to tobacco smoke may affect a foetus in prenatal and later postnatal through impairment and inflammation of the lung resulting in asthma. Figure 1 Showing how environmental exposures and genetic predispositions may contribute to asthma in different pathways in early life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prenatal exposures  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Postnatal exposures Viral URTI  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   spread  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Severe LRTI Repeated episodes Primary atopic  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Allergen  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Persistent Sensitization  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   exposure  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   inflammation↓ Genetic Predispositions  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Genetic Predispositions Disease association and hazard Studies in the past and recent have looked at the causal relationship between ETS or second hand smoke and asthma disease and have identified that ETS has been a significant indoor air hazard with the potential to causing serious health consequences such as asthma. Goodwin According to the Global Youth Tobacco Survey carried out by World Health Organization in 2007 (WHO), about 44% of all the children living in the world were exposed to environmental Tobacco smoke at household level. 10 An updated meta-analysis study from Surgeon Generals Report (SGR) of the United States (DHHS 2006), a causal relationship between SHS and childhood induction of asthma could not be drawn to conclusion due to insufficient evidence from smaller number of studies. 11 However, a similar systematic review and meta-analysis study that examined prenatal and passive smoke exposure and asthma incidence at the UK Centre for Tobacco Control studies at University of Nottingham (2011) found that the incidence of wheeze and asthma in children and young people increased by 20% when exposed to passive smoking.12 Long term implications The health implications of tobacco smoking are well recognized across the globe. The exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) happens across the entire life span of an individual and therefore long term implications are inevitable. Persistent asthma can be a long-term implication which adds to the global burden of asthma disease. Identifying the risk factors and aiming for primary prevention through life style changes such as avoiding maternal smoking during pregnancy could help prevent asthma. Environmental modifications and lifestyle changes may help reduce risks for asthma. The use of international health guidelines such as the WHO Convention Framework for Tobacco Control (FCTC) 13 may provide benchmarks for health professionals and policy makers to implement strategies and interventions. Reference Breton CV, Byun HM, Wenton M, Pan F, Yang A, Gilliland FD. Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure affects global and gene-specific DNA methylaton. Am J Respir Crit care Med 2009; 180:462-7 Sly P, Flack F. Susceptibility of children to environmental pollutants. Ann NY Acad Sci 2008; 1140:163-83 Tung KY, Wu KY, Tsai CH, Su MW, Chen CH, Lin MH, et al. Association of time-location patterns with urinary cotinine among asthmatic children under household environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Environmental research. 2013; 124:7-12 US Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Smoking. A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office on Smoking and Health;1986. DHHS Publication No, (CDC) 87-8398 Matt GE,Quintana PJ,Destaillats H, et al.Thirdhand tobacco smoke:emerging evidence and arguments for a multidisciplinary research agenda. Environ Health Perspect 2011; 119:1218-26 Stapleton M, Howard-Thompson A, George C, Hoover RM, Self TH. Smoking and asthma. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine: JABFM. 2011;24(3):313-22. The Global Asthma Report 2011.Paris, France.The International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.;2011. Goodwin RD, Cowles RA. Household smoking and childhood asthma in the United States: a state-level analysis. The Journal of asthma: official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2008;45(7):607-10. Guilbert TW, Singh AM,Danov Z, et al. Decreased lung function after preschool wheezing rhinovirus illnesses in children at risk to develop asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:532-8. e10. WHO, 2007. Only 100% smoke-free environments adequately protect from dangers of second-hand smoke. New WHO policy recommendations point to extensive evidence. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. U.S. DHHS. 2006. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Ofà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ce on Smoking and Health. Burke H, Leonardi-Bee J, Hashim A, Pine-Abata H, Chen Y, Cook DG, et al. Prenatal and passive smoke exposure and incidence of asthma and wheeze: systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2012;129(4):735-44 Shibuya,K., et al., 2003.Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: development of an evidence based global public health treaty. BMJ 327,154-157

Gang Violence Essay

No one attempts to see the factors such as poverty, homelessness, lack of opportunity are a major contributor to crime and the forming of delinquents in our community. Delinquency is defined as a failure to what law or duty requires. It is a behavior that is often times a result of poverty and inopportunity in youth’s life. Often time those who can obtain what they need through conventional means will use unconventional means such as crimes to obtain necessities due to having no job, no money, and lack of education. Gang members age from 13-18 years of age. However everyone knows a person who has lost a life due to gang violence or gang related activities. The biggest ethic groups involved in gangs are Latinos and Spanish. Although there trying to pass a law that states any gang related activity will serve from 2-3 years whether he or she is a minor or not. In my conclusion I came across that young men and women don’t wake up and decide to be this way, from the lack of love, care and attention at home, so they feel like an outcast and doesn’t have a positive role model to look up to and lean on in times of need. So when they join a gang they get the attention they being feeding for. â€Å"In order to succeed, your desire for success should be greater than your fear for failure.† –Bill Cosby There were 9% of females involved in gangs in year 2000 as of today there are 15% of females affiliated in gangs. Females are generally classified to four types of ways to join a gang. They can be violated or jumped in meaning a physical beating so she can prove her toughness, loyalty, and her commitment but women who choose to get sexed in a gang gets the least respect. Usually getting sexed in a gang is uncommon for females due to not having any respect and majority of the reason is to get respect from everyone. Children in a house hold that doesn’t have a male role model is mostly to be  a behavior child and if he or she isn’t getting enough attention they need it will cause them to find that attention in a gang or a group of people where they feel they will be cared for and loved. Most children join gangs because of peer pressure but majority is because of girls and money. For a little percent of children they become a part of a gang because of the things they don’t have and becoming a member of a gang it will be quick money but a lot of risk along with it. Usually they are only trying to help out there house hold but because of where there from they have no other choices, it’s almost like force. Gang related actives is most common in urban areas like Chicago they are the number 1 ranked in cities with the most gang violence, Detroit is not far behind it is ranked as number 5. Been said Gang Violence is an act from children who is crying out for attention and others who can’t help it because its where there from and is almost as if they have no choice. Due to low income homes and no jobs children go to the streets for help as a comfort zone.

The Effect Of External Factors On Purchase

The results demonstrate that demographic, geographic and group significantly effect Pl. The findings of this study help marketing, managers and companies to understand young Malaysian consumers' behavior and Pl. Keywords: external factors, purchase intention (Pl), young generation, Malaysia 1. Introduction Nowadays, purchase intention is more complicated and more significant for consumers than in the past. Customers are encompassed by reports, advertisements, articles and direct mailings that provide large amount of information.Moreover, different kinds of products, supplies, super markets and shopping malls have complex and difficult decision making. This study focuses on the young generation in Malaysia because of some reasons. Firstly, immature customer segment is known as special segment for some special products. Secondly, at the period of evolution from youth to early maturity, these customer segments have their unique consumer behaviors and attitudes (Safari, AAA). Thirdly, ju veniles' effect on their families and shape family consumer behavior; finally, young consumers can change and influence culture as well as society (Safari, AAA).In addition, according to the previous studies, investigators argued that the external actors (demographic, geographic and group) influence Pl. Besides, there are some difficulties in applying these factors and measuring their effects on Pl. The effect of demographic on Pl is complicated and confusing that needs to be examined. For instance, consumers 18 to 24-year-old are â€Å"more likely than other consumers to buy a product on the spur of the moment and change brands if the mood strikes† (Abdul Raze & Summarizing, 2009). Apart from that, there are still some studies that indicate the males and females behave and make Pl in different Ways. Teenage boys were more utilitarian, whereas manage girls are more social/conspicuous conscious† (Cathy & Vincent, 2006). Furthermore, different races have different behavio rs, which can significantly affect Pl; for example, the Malady are more patriotic to the local brands compared to two other Malaysian races. Likewise, group influence significantly affects Pl. Group (social networks, television, influential, books) influences on young generation in Malaysia and changes their culture, behavior and purchase intention because they have adapted with other cultures (Eon, Ata & Philip, 2008). 2.Literature Review Purchase intention means a consumer prefers to buy a product or service cause he/she finds that he/she needs a particular product or service, or even attitude towards a product and perception of product. In other words, purchase intention means consumer will buy a product once again after she or he evaluates a product and finds out that the product worth buying. While consumers select one particular product, the final decision on accepting 153 WV,m. Essence. Org/birr International Business Research Volvo. 5, No. 8; 2012 a product to buy or rejecti ng it depends on consumers' intention.Also, a large number of external factors have been recognized, which can affect Pl (Keller, 2001). 2. The Effect of Demography on Pl One of the most important features which influence Pl is demographic (age, gender and race). Young consumers in different ages have different behavior. A nineteen years old consumer may behave differently with a twenty five years old consumer. For example, some young consumers are more concerned on the labeled products than other young consumers (Nabob & Mimed, 2010). The effect of gender depends on some factors.For example, females are more concerned about those kinds of products that are directly related to house because as housewives, the quality of the products is more important or them compared to men. Thereby, label, brands and quality have effects on consumers' PI (Seasonal, All & Seabird, 2006; Safari, Bibb). The other factors that shape Pl among males and females are information and education. For example, a study shows that females are less experienced with online purchasing; therefore, they rely on other recommendations than males during decision making process (Ciao & Yang, 2010).Atmosphere and environment also influence on consumers' Pl among males and females. An investigation shows that music in restaurants has more effect on females than males. Stephanie Wilson, 2003). In addition, studies showed that men are more risk taking than women and they are more reliance on themselves to make purchase decision than women (Seed, 2003). Different ethnic groups act differently to make purchase decision. For example, studies in the United States have shown that African-Americans in some cases have different purchase intentions than the whites (Americans).Some factors can have effects on different races such as media, advertisements, and televisions. The other example shows that 16% of married white women are more likely to do mom purchase than married black women in the United States; but some other factors (socio-economic, environment, culture, income) could be combined with race to achieve better outcomes (Ciao & Yang, 2010). 2. 2 The Effect of Geography on Pl The other external factor that influences consumers' Pl is geography. Locations that products are being produced and manufactured are very important for consumers and can shape their Pl.A place to shop for organic products is crucially integral for consumers. For instance, a research demonstrates that majority of consumers prefer to buy their organic food ND products from hypermarkets and shopping malls and only a few of them enjoy of buying products in farms (Sit & Inertia, 2010). 2. 3 The Effect of Group on Pl Group also affects consumers and their Pl. Previous experiences of celebrities have utilized different assumptions and basic theoretical grounds Of psychology to describe how a sponsorship as an influential effect consumers' Pl and their behavior (Speed & Thompson, 2000).Sport celebrities as a group of influential figures have significant influences on young consumers especially when they want to make decision to choose a brand and Pl. Star members in each team have significant effects on consumer behavior. Thus, they would make brand for the team's sponsor because team members are able to attract enormous amount of consumers for a brand (Arcadias & Fairyland, 2006). 3. Research Methodology 3. 1 Measures Data has been mainly collected based on primary research and secondary research was used as well. Previous literatures were studied to recognize the factors influencing consumer Pl.Learning and understanding key points from previous literatures were combined with this current research study to obtain better results. Sampling strategy is based on probability based. The population is in age group of 17-32 years old as millennial/young generation. Questionnaire has distributed to some Malaysian universities. According to the aim of this research, the race of population has to be M alaysian only and questions Were written in English language. The sample Was selected from universities (senior and junior students). SPAS soft. Are was used to measure/ analyze the data. 3. 2 Hypothesis Demographic factors positively effects on purchase intention, for example, there is a difference between young consumers and adult generation in the ease of purchase intention. In some cases, male and female consumers act differently to make purchase decision and also different races have different influences on purchase intention 154 WV. Essence. Org/birr Volvo. 5, NO. 8; 2012 (Hide, Gerard & Alex, 2008). Thereby, age, gender and race are strongly affecting Pl, which has been proven by previous studies.HI : (a): Age influence PI (b): Gender influence Pl (c): Race influence Pl Malaysia is divided into two different parts: west and east. Sit (2010) noted that different areas and locations have different effects on consumers' behavior and purchase intention. Consumers in cities and vi llages (rural and urban) have different behavior and purchase intention (Wong & Yah, 2008). Therefore, rural and urban influence Pl differently. H2O: Geographic influence on Pl. Friend, relative, colleague/classmates and Media impact on purchase intention. HA: Group affects Pl. . 3 Data Collection The questionnaire in this study has been distributed to 350 respondents. 325 respondents have returned the completed questionnaire, which made up 93% of overall responses. We have given the questionnaire to students usually in their classes and we had left them and given them enough time to answer the questions. After 30 to 45 minutes we went back to classes and ask students to return questionnaires. The SPAS software has been used to analyze the effects of external factors (demographic, geographic and group influence) on Pl.Consumers between 17-32 years old were selected as young generation. The research was carried out at different regions in Malaysia such as International Islamic Univer sity Malaysia (MM), University Sebastian Malaysia (LIKE), University Putty Malaysia (JIM), Multimedia University (MIX) and Nation Library. The questions mainly examined the effects of rends, relatives, classmates/colleagues and media on consumers' Pl. All scales measured on 7-point Liker-type scales ranging from â€Å"strongly disagree† to â€Å"strongly agree†. The demographic factor is divided into three separate categories.These three groups involved age, gender and race, which will be explained in the following subsections. As demonstrated in Table 1, most respondents involved are in the age group of 22-26 years old. Analysis shows that 30. 2% of the respondents belong to 17-21 age group, 40. 9% belong to 22-26 age group and only 28. 9% are in the age range of 27-32 years old. The majority of the respondents are females; 221 respondents are female (68%) and 1 04 are males, which contributes to 32% of the total respondents participated in this study.

White Man s Burden By Rudyard Kipling - 1354 Words

Imperialism English writer Rudyard Kipling published a very famous poem called â€Å"White Man’s Burden† in 1899 which embodied the European feel of superiority over the indigenous peoples. Kipling published this poem when the Americans were conquering different places. In fact, the original subtitle of this poem was â€Å"The United States and the Philippine Islands.† This was because the United States had acquired the Philippines from Spain after winning the Spanish-American War. Kipling was inspired by these events and decided to publish his poem for all the public to see. This poem was a call or a summoning for the white men to show native people how to be civilized. (Shmoop Editorial Team) In response to Kipling s poem,†¦show more content†¦If the work was not done properly and in a timely fashion, then the African man would be punished, not the White man. The Africans had to live knowing they were constantly being judged for how they performed in the workforce. They lived in constant anger and shame, but knowing there was nothing that could be done. Morel described how the African’s developed a sense of hate and disgust with the white men for taking their lives away from them, and leaving them with nothing to live for. How Kipling promotes Imperialism Kipling’s poem promotes imperialism because it is a warning to the United States about what the people should expect when it sets out to become an imperial power. â€Å"White Man’s Burden,† is a praise of American colonialism in the Philippines after Spain gave up control in 1898. Kipling believed that American colonialism could improve the living conditions of the people in the Philippines, despite many American’s thinking it was a burden. Kipling wanted Americans to take their place in the imperialist world. Kipling felt that he knew what being an imperialistic power was really like. Kipling believed that the United States was embarking on its first real act of obtaining imperial power when it took control of the Philippines after the Spanish- American War. â€Å"The White Man’s Burden,† was used to justify European imperialism in the nineteenth century and early twentieth centuries. (White Man’s Burden) (Reference) Exalt the place of the WhiteShow MoreRelatedThe White Man s Burden By Rudyard Kipling10612 Words   |  43 Pageshave the urge to defend it’ Étienne De La Boà ©tie Take up the White Man s burden– Ye dare not stoop to less– Nor call too loud on Freedom To cloke yourRead MoreAnalysis Of Rudyard Kipling s The White Man s Burden / Send Forth The Best Ye Breed1132 Words   |  5 PagesIt was 1899 when poet and author Rudyard Kipling issued his famous call to â€Å"Take up the White Man s burden / Send forth the best ye breed† (290). Kipling thought that the culture of predominantly white, Western nations, such as America and England, was superior to foreign cultures. He was an admirer of British imperialism in India, and was a strong advocate for America’s involvement in the Philippines. Kipling earnestly believed that foreign peoples would benefit from the forceful introduction ofRead MoreThe American Of The White Americans Essay1284 Words   |  6 PagesThe strong will of the white Americans lead to many different races of people changing their ideas because of what was being exerted on them. In dealing with the other races Americans had many opposed views and different ideas for their cultures and also their sufficiency of self-government. 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