Enthalpy of Atomization Definition (Chemistry)

Enthalpy of atomization is the amount of enthalpy change when a compounds bonds are broken and the component elements are reduced to individual atoms. Enthalpy of atomization is always a positive value and never a negative number.Enthalpy of atomization is denoted by the symbol ΔHa. How Enthalpy of Atomization Is Calculated If pressure is held constant, enthalpy change equals the change in the internal energy of a system. So, enthalpy of atomization equals the sum of the enthalpies of fusion and vaporization. For example, for the diatomic molecule chlorine gas (Cl2), the enthalpy of atomization under standard conditions is simply the bond energy of Cl2. All that is needed to atomize the substance is to break the bonds between gaseous molecules. For sodium (Na) metal at standard conditions, atomization requires separating atoms joined by metallic bonds. The enthalpy of atomization is the sum of the enthalpy of fusion and the enthalpy of vaporization of sodium. For any elemental solid, the enthalpy of atomization is the same as the enthalpy of sublimation. Related Term Standard enthalpy of atomization is the enthalpy change that occurs when one mole of a sample is dissociated into its atoms under standard conditions of 298.15 K temperature and 1 bar of pressure.

Theme Of Faith In Night By Elie Wiesel - 801 Words

Every man, woman, or child has his or her breaking point, no matter how hard they try to hold it back. In Night by Elie Wiesel the main theme of the entire book is the human living condition. The quality of human life is overwhelming because humans have the potential to make amazing discoveries that help all humans. Elie Wiesel endures some of the most cruel living conditions known to mankind. This essay explains the themes of chapter one, chapter four, chapter eight in Night by Elie Wiesel. Nothing is lost if faith is still present. In Night by Elie Wiesel, the main theme of chapter one is faith. While speaking to Moishe the Beadle, Elie says, â€Å"I pray to the the God within me for the strength to ask him the real questions† (Wiesel 5).†¦show more content†¦Clench your teeth and wait† (Wiesel 53). In order to survive Elie must save his anger, so the young French woman helps calm Elie down. This quote show evidence that the main theme of chapter four is survi val. While speaking to Elie, Franek says, â€Å"I knew it, I knew that I would win, kid. Better late than never, And because you made me wait, it will also cost you a ration of bread. A ration of bread for one of my pals, a famous dentist from Warshaw. To pay him for pulling out your crown† (56). In order to survive, Elie must give up his golden crown, and a ration of his own bread. This quote shows evidence that the theme of chapter four is survival. While the prisoners line up for role call, a Kapo says, â€Å" An ordinary inmate does not have the right to mix into other people’s affairs. One of you does not seem to have understood this point. I shall therefore try to make him understand clearly, once and for all† (57). After Elie gets caught spying on the Kapo, he gets beat for breaking the rules. These quotes show clear evidence that the main theme of chapter four is survival. Sometimes it is good to follow the rules when someone’s life is on the line. The theme of chapter seven in Night by Elie Wiesel is conformity. After the train stops a German orders the people that are still alive to throw the dead out, Elie say, â€Å"The living were glad. They would have more room. Volunteers began the task. They touched those who remained on the ground† (WieselShow MoreRelatedElie Wiesel s The Holocaust1315 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War II. The memoir, Night by Elie Wiesel is based on Wiesel’s experiences in concentration camps, in order to give readers an insight of someone who was a victim of the Holocaust. The young narrator, Elie Wiesel, faces countless struggles for survival among the horrors of the Holocaust. In the memoir, Eliezer, the passionately, devoted boy with a benevolent family, is taken from his home and sent to a concentration camp. Through their unstable and dangerous journey, Elie is detached from his motherRead MoreElie W iesel Night Reflection794 Words   |  4 PagesElie Wiesel was born in the Romanian town of Sighet. His parents came from Orthodox and Hasidic Jewish families. Both of hi parents died in the Nazi concentration camps, as did his younger sister; his two elder sister survived. After the war, Wiesel went an Orphanage in France, studies at the Sorbonne, and became a journalist. The name of the book is call the Night. It were written in the 1955-1958. It also were written from South America, France. The book was published in Argentina, France. TheRead MoreThe Holocaust: Night by Elie Wiesel1635 Words   |  7 PagesJews were persecuted, tortured and slaughtered in concentration camps (â€Å"The Holocaust† 1). Night by Elie Wiesel is the powerful memoir of his experiences during the Holocaust. Night shows the tragedy of the Holocaust through the use literary devices, including the themes of loss of faith and cruelty toward other human beings, night as a symbol of suffering and f ear, and the use of first person narrative. Night allows the reader to emotionally connect with the victims of the Holocaust, encourages themRead MoreTheme Of Torture In Night By Elie Wiesel724 Words   |  3 Pagesseeming like one long never ending night. Barely anyone today could, however this was a reality for Elie Wiesel, author of the award winning book Night. The book is a wonderful insight to the events of the holocaust. It is filled with grueling instances of survival, family, and even the inhumanity of man, however another kind of torture that is slightly less obvious is constantly referenced throughout this autobiography, and that is the loss of faith. Although this theme may seem less prevalent, it isRead MoreNight, By Elie Wiesel Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesNight is a first-hand account of life for Elie Wiesel as a young Jewish teenage boy living in Hungary and eventually sent to Auschwitz with his family. The moment his family exits the cattle car the horror of Au schwitz sets in. His mother and sisters become separated from him and his father immediately, their fate sealed. Elie stays with his father and right away a stranger is giving them tips on how to survive and stay together. Immediately told to lie about their ages, making Elie a little olderRead MoreNight, By Elie Wiesel842 Words   |  4 Pagesmajor themes of Night and the imagery that the author, Elie Wiesel, uses to create them. The themes we will discuss are identity, silence, and night. !!!About the Book If you were an observant Jew who believed in a loving God, then you and your family were captured by a group of ill-intentioned people, causing the death of your family, what would you think about whether God and humans are good or not? That is the main concern of Eliezer, the main character in Night. Night wasRead MoreAnalysis Of Eliezer Wiesels Novel Night920 Words   |  4 Pages Eliezer is appalled at his own failure to defend his father from getting beat. Eliezer Wiesel is a famous Holocaust survivor, a political activist, professor, and a novelist. He is the recipient of many different accomplishments and achievements throughout his life. Eliezer was born on September 30, 1928; he lived in Sighet Transylvania that is now present- day Romania. He is most known for his novel Night, which is mainly about his survival during the Holocaust, German intentions towards JewsRead MoreThe Common Theme Of Dehumanization In Night By Elie Wiesel1421 Words   |  6 Pagesfood to live. All of these situations and more is what the Jews went through during the Holocaust. During the period of 1944 - 1945, a man by the name of Elie Wiesel was one of the millions of Jews that were experiencing the wrath of Hitler’s destruction in the form of intense labor and starvation. The novel Night written by the same man, Elie Wiesel, highlights the constant struggle they faced every single day during the war. From the first acts of throwing the Jews into ghettos, to the grueling intensiveRead MoreNight: Heart-Wrenching and Traumatic Themes1189 Words   |  5 Pagesnovel, Night, by Elie Wiesel, contains heart-wrenching as well as traumatic themes. The novel unfolds through the eyes of a Jewish boy named Eliezer, who incurs the true satanic nature of the Nazis. As the Nazis continue to commit inhumane acts of discrimination, three powerful themes arise: religion, night, and memory. As the novel begins to unfold, Anti-Semitism does as well. As Wiesel demonstrates in the novel, â€Å"Three days later, a new decree: Every Jew had to wear the yellow star.† (Wiesel, 11)Read More Holocaust Essay3093 Words   |  13 Pagesbetween day and night is defined by an absolute line of division. For the Jewish culture in the twentieth century, the dissimilarity between life and death is bisected by a definitive line - the Holocaust. Accounts of life during the genocide of the Jewish culture emerged from within the considerable array of Holocaust survivors, among of which are Elie Wiesel’s Night and Simon Wiesenthal’s The Sunflower. Both accounts of the Holocaust diverge in the main concepts in each work; Wiesel and Wiesenthal

Crisis Intervention Psychological Care

Question: Discuss about the Crisis Intervention for Psychological Care. Answer: Introduction Crisis intervention is a short-term and immediate psychological care, which is implemented for helping people, who are in a crisis situation and seeking help to restore their normal biopsychological functioning and for reducing the occurrence of long-term psychological trauma (Kanel, 2014). In this assignment, the key focus is on the analysis of a crisis situation and how it is affecting a persons functioning. Moreover, this assignment would also include the analysis of the crisis and possible intervention through the implementation of 7-task hybrid model of crisis intervention. In the next phase, the challenges faced by the psychotherapists to implement this framework in the crisis intervention plan will be discussed. Finally, the ways through which the crisis intervention related challenged might be overwhelmed, would be discussed here. Explanation of crisis Crisis is referred to an event, which is defined as individuals experience of a situation or event in which the victim perceives to have exhausted his or her coping skill, social support, self-esteem and power. These kinds of situation can be referred to the status, when a person is making suicidal threats, experiencing personal loss, experiencing threat or witnessing suicide. When the person is going through a crisis on the individual level, the counsellor or psychotherapist should assess his safety aspects initially. For example, professional burnout is a significant crisis for an employee or health care staff, as the status includes the signs of crisis (Camille-McKiness Wickman, 2013). It is a type of psychological stress. It is characterized as exhaustion, lack of enthusiasm, lack of motivation, ineffectiveness in workplace, frustration and reduced efficacy in work. Burnout can be categorized in three levels, i.e. activity, state and trait. At the activity level, burnout can be reduced, only when the routine is change. At the state level, burnout might be situational or periodic. On the other hand, at trait level, it is all-pervasive, surrounding every facet of the workers life. This level of burnout is serious and immediate intervention is required (Hendricks Hendricks, 2014). Crisis impact on a persons functioning Burnout has a significant negative impact upon a persons daily functioning. Symptoms of burnout involve dysfunctional attitude towards work, loss of motivation, exhaustion, poor coping mechanism, distress and feeling of ineffectiveness. The effect of burnout upon a persons functioning can be discussed with the help of ABC model. The ABC model has been established by Dr. Albert Ellis for understanding the meaning to the reactions to adversity. A stands for adversity, indicating the situation or event. B is for the victims belief, i.e. the explanation about why the situation happened and C is about consequences, the feelings and behaviour caused by the belief (Heyns McCormack, 2014). The burnout signs are the reaction, which are based on the thoughts about the situation. The impact of an adverse situation may among person to person. For instance, professional burnout is the result of negative consequences and work pressure upon the employees. However, similar incident can be perceived by two employees different, as a result, two staffs would handle the same situation differently, thus the intensity of stress would be different for two staffs. The negative consequences of perception or belief might lead to burn out development in one person, but other one might not lead to the same issue. Thus, assessing the status of burnout is very important before making the crisis intervention plan. On the other hand, ABC can stand for the followings: A- Affective state Impaired affect is one of the initial states of crisis. The person might unable to control emotion or severely withdrawn. The counsellor might assist the client to regain control, by helping him to express feelings and thoughts in a proper way (Humphries et al., 2014). B- Behavioural functioning Assessing the clients behaviour is crucial for understanding the status of crisis. This process may involve asking client to be breath slowly with the counsellor, leading through a grounding exercise. C- Cognitive state Assessing the cognitive thinking pattern is essential to understand whether it is coherent or logical. The impact of persons crisis can modify individuals behaviour, thought, feelings and cognitive functioning. For instance, behavioural change is often seen in a person, undergoing burnout; especially in health care staffs. Burnout makes the person anxious, depressed, frustrated, dysfunctional attitude towards work, agitated and negative in kind of work. On the other hand, the person will feel restless, less confident, accident prone and frustrated. Moreover, the persons thought process as well as cognitive functioning is significantly affected (Kraus Stein, 2013). For instance, the person become unable to control the expression of his stress related behaviour and feelings, negativity and withdrawal is significant signs of stress-related burnout. Poor cognitive functioning, impaired judgement, muddled thinking and worry are also significant effects of professional burnout. In addition, burn out also affects persons functioning by affecting his health; for instance, headache, skin irri tation, breathlessness, fatigue, muscle cramp and frequent infection are the symptoms, indicating stress related burnout (Vered et al., 2014). 7-task hybrid model of crisis intervention The Hybrid model of crisis intervention is used for addressing all the necessary aspects, while developing a crisis intervention plan for a person undergoing a crisis. This model helps the counsellor to design a linear approach to crisis intervention. As a crisis is studies consistently, the incidents do not occur systematically. The hybrid model attempts to consider the crisis in a realistic fashion and allows the crisis intervention team to move forward in more systematic and effective manner, resulting in therapeutic innovation and enhanced effectiveness (Shin et al., 2014). The model consists of 7 tasks in an ordered format. The first task is predisposing, engaging and initiating contact. For instance, the counsellor would initially establish a connection with the person experiencing burnout and then build a relationship of communication. However, as the person is in crisis, it is difficult to build a positive relationship. A positive relationship will help to clarify the underst anding of the persons needs and counsellors intention to support and help him. The second task is problem exploration. Here, the counsellor explores the problem by defining the crisis, its cause and the factors contributing to the crisis occurrence. For instance, the crisis of a person experiencing professional burnout might be due to organization of the context through the professional stress, work pressure, lack of support in organization, discrimination, organizational bullying, financial loss or other causes related to profession (Baril et al., 2016). The third phase is providing support. It can be psychological, social, logistical and informational. It is difficult to support a person undergoing a crisis, due to his negative feelings. However, through the establishment of a positive therapeutic alliance, the feeling should be understood. This phase will help to discover the persons needs. The fourth task is examining alternative. Instead of supporting the patient, what other alternatives can be implemented for the client, would be assessed in this task. For instance, during this task, the client would be asked about how he is feeling and asked for additional support, including medication, therapy, reference of other support group and treatment resources may be provided (Baril et al., 2016).. The fifth task is planning in order to re-establish control over the chaotic situation. In this state, the client will be assisted to adopt the coping mechanisms to overcome obstacles. This phase will help the client to be empowered with resiliency for the next time. The sixth task is obtaining a commitment from the client for continuing forward ad accepting support, if needed. At this phase, the client becomes familiar and feels free to share his thoughts and perceptions to the counsellor. It will also ensure that the person would become able to cope with the future crisis (Shin et al., 2014). The final task is follow up with the person. It ensures clients adherence to the communication and support from the counsellor, thereby ensuring that upcoming difficulties in clients life will be addressed and noted if cannot be managed by the client himself, prior the consequences becomes severe challenge for living. Analysis of challenges of applying 7-task hybrid model As the crisis intervention is for people undergoing a significant crisis, dealing with such people is difficult and challenging, while applying 7-task hybrid model for mitigating the crisis issues. One of such challenge is related to problem callers. These kinds of people are usually severely disturbed and use the crisis line for some reasons other than it should e used for. However, it should be remembered that the people regularly using crisis line is using the same as a part of their coping mechanism. Sometimes, abusive callers seek help for irrelevant reasons and the situation becomes difficult to be handled by the counsellor (Baril et al., 2016). Another problem of crisis intervention with the help of the 7-task hybrid model of crisis intervention is following each step of the crisis intervention model in a systematic framework. It is mostly overviewed while handling a patient with severe disturbance due to crisis and the crisis intervention is done on an emergency basis. For a client at a severe stage of crisis, an immediate action is needed for his well being. Thus, it becomes difficult to follow all the steps in the same manner. In these kinds of situation, the counsellors tend to jump to the relevant stage suitable for the crisis of that person, thereby reducing the time of crisis intervention (Humphries et al., 2014). Another challenge of implementing this crisis intervention model is dealing with clients over phone. Sometimes, after resolving a problem in a systematic manner, client attempt to address another different issue to the counsellor. However, for the counsellor it becomes difficult to avoid the clients need, thus the care provider has to start the intervention steps from the beginning. It is difficult to handle such situations due to professional and ethical concerns. However, it has been argued by (Heyns McCormack, 2014). that crisis intervention over phone with severely disturbed people is not meant to be curative, rather it is a process designed for helping people to revert back to their normal lives. Ways of overcoming challenges Through a number of ways the above mentioned problems can be handled. These ways are described below: Setting time limit over phone: Setting time limit and incorporating a system that will monitor the time of calling and automatically end the call after the required tine will be helpful for the counsellor to handle the problem caller (Heyns McCormack, 2014). Imposing open-ended questions: Imposing open-ended question will attempt to focus on the problem back to the caller, which will reduce the inappropriate conversation from the caller and help the workers to resolve problem callers related issues. Terminating abuse: Instead of the ethical issues, while handling clients with crisis, the crisis line system should involve time limits and termination of abuse (Kraus Stein, 2013). The caller should be informed that he or she is being terminated the call and can provide them with an option that he or she can call again, when he can communicate appropriately. Switching care providers: When there will be an option to switch worker, the frequency of abuse will also be reduced. The facility of switching call to another worker, while having a difficult call from a caller, would help to reduce work pressure of the care providers and make them able to handle the other calls effectively. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be revealed that crisis interventions are helpful for the people undergoing crisis like professional burnout. The professional burnout is a problem through which a person undergoes behavioural and cognitive impairment, which may also affect the mental and physical status. In this assignment, the implementation of a crisis intervention model, known as 7 task hybrid model for crisis intervention has been discussed along with the description and analysis of its each steps. Then the challenges faced by the counsellor, while implementing this intervention has also been described. Finally, the ways through which these issues could be overwhelmed has also been discussed in this assignment. This assignment revealed the effectiveness of 7 task hybrid model in crisis intervention. Reference List Baril, C., Gascon, V., Miller, J., Bounhol, C. (2016). The importance of considering resources tasks when modeling healthcare services with discrete-event simulation: an approach using work sampling method. Journal of Simulation. Camille-McKiness, K., Wickman, S. A. (2013). Crisis Intervention Teams and Mental Health Advocacy. JCI, 13. Hendricks, J. E., Hendricks, C. S. (2014). Crisis intervention in criminal justice/social service. Charles C Thomas Publisher. Heyns, T., McCormack, B. (2014). Moving from crisis intervention towards person?centredness. Nursing in critical care, 19(4), 162-163. Humphries, N., Morgan, K., Catherine Conry, M., McGowan, Y., Montgomery, A., McGee, H. (2014). Quality of care and health professional burnout: narrative literature review. International journal of health care quality assurance, 27(4), 293-307. Kanel, K. (2014). A guide to crisis intervention. Cengage Learning. Kraus, S. W., Stein, C. H. (2013). Recovery-oriented services for individuals with mental illness and case managers experience of professional burnout. Community mental health journal, 49(1), 7-13. Shin, H., Park, Y. M., Ying, J. Y., Kim, B., Noh, H., Lee, S. M. (2014). Relationships between coping strategies and burnout symptoms: A meta-analytic approach. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 45(1), 44. Vered, Y., Zaken, Y., Ovadia-Gonen, H., Mann, J., Zini, A. (2014). Professional burnout: Its relevance and implications for the general dental community. Quintessence International, 45(1).

Regionalism Themes Essays - English-language Films,

Regionalism Themes Realism is the depiction of life as most people live and know it. Regionalism is a characteristic of Realism that portrays the customs, habits and characteristics of a particular place. Part of regionalism is local color. Local color is defined as a particular example of regional characteristics. Local color can be shown in a particular dialect, dress, and occupations. In Realism life is depicted as most people live and know it. Local color helps the true appearance of a place seem more believable to a reader. To better understand local color one must first understand the three most important traits of it; dialect, dress, and occupations. Three good examples of local color and regionalism are found in "The Outcasts of Poker Flat", The Red Badge Of Courage, And in "A Mystery of Heroism". "The Outcasts of Poker Flat" is a short story by Bret Harte about a western town that has banished a group of "improper persons". Local color is first shown in the beginning of the story when Harte talks about the people to be banished. Harte described the group using familiar western types. '"The Duchess"; another who had won the title of "Mother Shipton"; and "Uncle Billy" a suspected sluice robber and confirmed drunkard" (395). The use of local is shown as Harte describes the persons occupations and appearance. Bret Harte also uses local color in the dialogue that he gives to his characters. As Mr. Oakhurst returns to the group he speaks in a particular dialect. "Is this yer a d____d picnic?" (397). This dialogue is an example of local color because it portrays the way that people actually talked. "The Outcasts of Poker Flat" shows local color by describing peoples occupations and the use of a southern type dialect. The Red Badge of Courage is a novel by Stephen Crane that tells the life of a young soldier during the Civil War. Crane uses regionalism to describe the setting of the battlefield a number of times throughout the novel. In the first chapter Crane describes the battleground as the sun is rising. "A river amber-tinted in the shadow of its banks, purled at the army's feet" (443). The Regionalism shown describes the battlefield and gives one a good picture of what it looks like. Like Harte, Crane also uses dialect to exhibit local color. When talking about the war Crane gives dialogue to Jim that shows local color. "Of course there is. You jest wait 'til tomorrow, and you'll see one of biggest battles ever was. You jest wait" (446). Crane uses slang words to help show and give one a better picture of how life is. The Red Badge of Courage portrays many aspects of Regionalism and Local Color in the setting and the characters dialogue. Stephen Crane also wrote, "A Mystery of Heroism", another story about the life as a solider during the Civil War. Crane uses local Color by showing an example of how the soldiers looked during battle. "The dark uniforms of the men were so coated with dust from the incessant wrestling of the two armies that the regiment almost seemed a part of the clay bank which shielded them from the shells" (286). The description of the soldiers dress shows local color because it develops the idea of how things were during the war. Crane also uses dialect to show local color in this short story. As Crane gives dialogue to Fred Collins, a soldier of one of the armies he uses slang words to get his point across. '"Thundar! I wisht I had a drink. Ain't there any water round here?" Then somebody yelled, "There goes th' bugler!"'(286). The slang words help the story seem more realistic to the time period and makes the story seem more believable. Like in The Red Badge of Courage Crane uses local color to help the story seem realistic for That time period. "The Outcasts of Poker Flat", The Red Badge Of Courage, and "A Mystery of Heroism" are all stories that use regionalism and local color to help make them more realistic. Local color which can be used in the traits of characters dress, dialogue, and occupation make the reader feel more like they can see the characters appearance. Regionalism which portrays the setting of a story is a main factor of Realism that helps show the depiction of life as most people live and know it. Realism was a great time in American Literature that focused on typical characters living with everyday problems and situations.